Building safety in humanitarian programmes that support post-disaster shelter self-recovery: an evidence review

The humanitarian sector is increasingly aware of the role that good quality evidence plays in the underpinning of effective and accountable practice. This review addresses the need for reliable evidence by evaluating current knowledge about the intersection of two key outcome targets of post-disaster shelter response: supporting shelter self-recovery and building back safer. Evidence about post-disaster shelter programmes that aim to improve hazard resistance while supporting shelter self-recovery has been systematically analysed and evaluated. Technical support, especially training in safer construction techniques, was found to be a central programme feature, but the impact of this and other programme attributes on building safety was largely not ascertainable. Programme reports and studies lack sufficient detail, especially on the hazard resistance of repaired houses. Accounts of shelter programmes need to include more reliable reporting of key activities and assessment of outcomes, in order to contribute to the growing evidence base in this field.     

工程复杂系统灾害形成与自愈防范原理研究

工程安全科学是涵盖机电工程、过程工程、信息论、系统论、控制论、耗散结构理论、医学、人文科学、社会科学的一门新兴科学。工程安全科学应该而且必将列入我国基础学科发展的行列。笔者探讨了工程安全科学的定义,重点研究工程活动中人-机-过程-环境复杂系统故障、事故发生发展及其防治、根除的规律,研究危险源隐患转化为危害或灾害的条件和影响因素及其监测、预防和控制。提出并讨论了工程系统灾害形成的机理,工程复杂系统灾害形成遵循的共性规律,工程复杂系统故障和事故的诊断预测以及灾害的防治原理。安全度既取决于危险又取决于控制能力。与故障作斗争是与疾病作斗争以另一种方式的延续。借鉴医学的“自主调理是治疗学的第一原理”和系统科学的自组织理论,提出并研究了故障自愈原理及安全的动态评价与灾害的自愈防范机制。该研究的理论和成果是落实科学发展观、促进人-机和谐和实现安全、绿色、节约型流程制造的重要途径。     

Natural Recovery of Technogenic Landscapes in Open Larch Forests in Northeastern Russia

Studies on the vegetation and soil complexes in areas of the Kolyma River basin disturbed by mining, in the northeast of the Chukchi Peninsula, have been performed to reveal trends in natural restorative processes in posttechnogenic landscapes. Data on the flora, phytomass stock, chemical composition of plants pioneering in the overgrowing of disturbed areas, and physicochemical properties of soils and technogenic eluvia have been obtained. The results have shown that plant cover restoration in disturbed areas depends primarily on the type (genesis) of technogenic substrates, the content of fine earth in the surface layer, and the distance from natural plant complexes that serve as a source of seeds coming to the disturbed area.