Effects of ecological factors on the diurnal activity rhythm of Yakutian black-capped marmots (Marmota camtschatica bungei) in the arctic

It is established that the activity of marmots (the genusMarmota) on the surface is timed to the daylight period. In the Arctic, under conditions of continuous illumination (the polar day), the diurnal rhythm of black-capped marmotsMarmota camtschatica bungei on the surface has a “daylight” pattern. The main external regulator of the diurnal rhythm is the altitude of the sun above the horizon. In the cold period, however, the effect of air temperature on animal activity becomes stronger.     

电子设备机房空调供冷量探讨

电子设备机房的空调供冷量与普通办公室相差甚远 ,介绍了其计算方法和影响空调制冷设备实际制冷量的因素     

艾比湖地区气溶胶光学特性分析

精河县气溶胶光学特性的定量评估是理解艾比湖盐尘传输过程的关键.本文利用2019年精河县CE-318太阳光度计站点观测资料,分析了气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和Angstr?m波长指数(α)的变化特征.结果表明AOD日变化呈单峰曲线,与α呈反向变化特征;气溶胶粒子浓度和主控模态具有明显的季节性差异,与夏、秋季相比,春季AOD较高且变化幅度剧烈,粗粒子气溶胶占主控地位,粒子粒径和变化幅度较大; AOD和α呈负相关关系,从春季到秋季,气溶胶逐渐从粗模态向细模态过渡;与夏季相比,春季局地气溶胶对风速、风向和相对湿度的变化较为敏感;温度不是导致局地气溶胶变化的内在因素,但与气溶胶粒子扩散能力成正比;非采暖期,精河县AOD高值主要受粗粒子为主的沙尘气溶胶的影响,小颗粒的气溶胶的增加以及气溶胶吸湿增长都不是造成该地区AOD增加的主要原因.     

重庆市城区大气气溶胶光学厚度的在线测量及特征研究

利用CE-318型太阳光度计(CE-318)测定了重庆市城区2010年3月至2011年2月期间的太阳直接辐射量,反演了该地区大气气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol optical depth,AOD),并对结果进行了分析.结果表明:重庆市城区上空大气AOD随波长增加而减小,Angstrom波长指数α=1.13±0.08,大气混浊指数β=0.57±0.14.受人为源排放的影响,空气较为混浊,且上空主要分布着城市-工业型气溶胶.AOD日变幅随波长增加而减小,且AOD在短波段变化比长波段变化更为明显.重庆市城区上空AOD(λ=500 nm)日变化大致分为5种类型:平缓型、上升型、下降型、凸型和凹型,其中,平缓型出现频率最低,凸型和上升型是主要变化类型.四季中AOD日变化特征在夏秋季较一致,冬春季较一致.AOD(λ=500 nm)全年主要呈现"V"字形特征,年均值为1.25±0.29,最低值出现在夏季,最高值出现在冬季;α全年变化范围在0.90~1.23,同AOD整体上呈负相关趋势,最低值出现在春季,最高值出现在夏季,且四季α值较大,表征气溶胶主控模态为细粒子,受人为源的排放影响较大.     

Impact of utilizing reflector,single-axis and two-axis sun trackers on the performance of an evacuated tube solar collector

ABSTRACT

In this paper, a novel evacuated tube solar collector (ETSC) is first designed and built. Then, the impact of adding reflector, reflector plus single-axis sun tracker and reflector plus two-axis sun tracker to the built ETSC on the thermal efficiency of the ETSC is evaluated both theoretically and experimentally. In this regard, four identical versions of the proposed ETSC have been built and utilized in four collectors built and presented in this research work. The first collector is the same proposed built ETSC, the second collector is a parabolic trough solar collector comprising one built ETSC and a reflector (ETSC+R), the third collector is composed of one built ETSC, a reflector and a single-axis sun tracker all built in this study (ETSC+R+ ST), and the fourth collector consists of one built ETSC, a reflector and a two-axis sun tracker all built in this study (ETSC+R+ DT). Theoretical basis and concepts of the four collectors are formulated and analyzed in separate subsections. Theoretical results are outlined and highlighted at the end of each subsection. Experimental measurements and data obtained from the operation of the four collectors in the four seasons are presented that point by point verify theoretical results obtained in this study. To provide a comprehensive view, a techno-economic numerical comparison is performed between the four collectors. The following points, which are also the novelty and contributions of this work, are deduced from theoretical concepts, experimental data, and comparison provided in this study:

?There is no technical and economic justification for adding a reflector to an ETSC that results in forming a parabolic trough solar collector (ETSC+R) without any sun tracker.

?There is no economic justification for adding a single-axis sun tracker to a parabolic trough solar collector (ETSC+R).

?There is no economic justification for adding a two-axis sun tracker to a parabolic trough solar collector (ETSC+R).

?Comparing between a two-axis sun tracker and a single-axis sun tracker, adding the single-axis type to a parabolic trough solar collector (ETSC+R) is more advantageous.     

Biodiversity Loss in Latin American Coffee Landscapes: Review of the Evidence on Ants,Birds, and Trees

Abstract: Studies have documented biodiversity losses due to intensification of coffee management (reduction in canopy richness and complexity). Nevertheless, questions remain regarding relative sensitivity of different taxa, habitat specialists, and functional groups, and whether implications for biodiversity conservation vary across regions. We quantitatively reviewed data from ant, bird, and tree biodiversity studies in coffee agroecosystems to address the following questions: Does species richness decline with intensification or with individual vegetation characteristics? Are there significant losses of species richness in coffee‐management systems compared with forests? Is species loss greater for forest species or for particular functional groups? and Are ants or birds more strongly affected by intensification? Across studies, ant and bird richness declined with management intensification and with changes in vegetation. Species richness of all ants and birds and of forest ant and bird species was lower in most coffee agroecosystems than in forests, but rustic coffee (grown under native forest canopies) had equal or greater ant and bird richness than nearby forests. Sun coffee (grown without canopy trees) sustained the highest species losses, and species loss of forest ant, bird, and tree species increased with management intensity. Losses of ant and bird species were similar, although losses of forest ants were more drastic in rustic coffee. Richness of migratory birds and of birds that forage across vegetation strata was less affected by intensification than richness of resident, canopy, and understory bird species. Rustic farms protected more species than other coffee systems, and loss of species depended greatly on habitat specialization and functional traits. We recommend that forest be protected, rustic coffee be promoted, and intensive coffee farms be restored by augmenting native tree density and richness and allowing growth of epiphytes. We also recommend that future research focus on potential trade‐offs between biodiversity conservation and farmer livelihoods stemming from coffee production.     

Methods of Assessing Efficiency of UV-Protecting Products

A few aspects of skin protection against ultraviolet (UV) light and methods of assessing efficacy of UV-protecting cream or gels have been discussed. UV-protection in cream and gels is not only a strategy of the cosmetic industry but a necessity because of human occupational activity and daily habits.     

Studies on the Drying Characteristics of Zingiber Officinale Under Open Sun and Solar Biomass (Hybrid) Drying

Drying characteristics of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) under the open sun and direct type natural convection solar biomass (hybrid) drying were studied. It has been observed that under open sun drying conditions, the drying rate depends on the product thickness and climatic conditions. The results have been drawn for both the summer (April-May, 2004) and winter (November-January, 2003–04) months of Delhi, in India. In the hybrid drier, the ginger, with a thickness of 0.008 m, dried in 33 hours in comparison to 96 hours in open-sun drying. The overall drying efficiency of the hybrid drier was found to be 18% and 13% under summer and winter climatic conditions respectively. The loss of volatile oil content of the ginger is less in hybrid drier in comparison to open sun drying. It was found that the average drying air temperature of 60°C with average air velocity of 0.6m/sec was sufficient for the drying of ginger in the hybrid drier. Ginger quality after drying is better and drying time is less in the hybrid drier in comparison to open-sun drying. The hybrid drier is a simple device, which can be manufactured with locally available materials and can be used for drying of other spices, vegetables and fruits etc.     

南京一次典型雾霾天气气溶胶光学特性

利用太阳光度计测得的直射太阳辐射和天空扫描数据,对南京北郊2010年冬季一次雾霾天气过程中气溶胶的光学特性进行了反演研究.研究表明,雾霾影响期间气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)明显增加,在1020,870,675,440nm四个波段上,雾霾前AOD为0.16~0.43,雾霾影响期间为0.31~0.84,雾霾后为0.19~0.48;本次雾霾天气的局地气溶胶散射能力增强,单次散射反照率(SSA)由发生前的0.8~0.86增大到发生时的0.89~0.91,而复折射指数的虚部降低,气溶胶的吸收能力明显减弱;雾霾过程伴随了大尺度气溶胶的导入,同时也有人为排放的贡献.其中雾霾影响期间粗粒子模态的体积浓度是发生前的2.5倍,细粒子浓度也比发生前增长了90%.     

Cyclicity and some characteristics of mass reproduction ofCalliptamus italicus L. in Southern Russia

Analysis of the reproductive dynamics ofCalliptamus italicus during the past 100 years confirmed the dependence of locust invasions on the 11-year cycles of solar activity, which was previously known for other gregarious locusts. Over a considerable part of the species range, the onset of mass reproduction is promoted by a hot and droughty spring and summer. The scale of the outbreak is determined by local conditions in the foci of reproduction. The current global warming is characterized by an unstable, drastically varying climate with a trend toward aridity in many regions. If this trend persists for several decades, we may expect an increase in the periods ofC. talicus mass reproduction and in the persistency and extent of damage inflicted by locusts on vast Palearctic areas.