Influence of new town development on the urban heat island - The case of the Bundang area

Five new towns have been developed around the Seoul metropolitan area since 1996. However, these new towns generate lots of traffic and related problems in the areas including those new towns and Seoul as a result of increases in population and a lack of ecological-self-sufficiency. Currently, construction of another new town is under deliberation, and what should be a major consider is the notion that the new town be located within a wide, green zone. Many studies have revealed that green space can play an important role in improving urban eco-meteorological capability and air quality. In order to analyze the urban heat island which will be created by the new urban development, and to investigate the local thermal environment and its negative effects caused by a change of land use type and urbanization, Landsat TM images were used for extraction of urban surface temperature according to changes of land use over the last 15 years. These data are analyzed together with digital land use and topographic information. As a study result, it was found the urban heat island of the study area from 198.5 to 1999 rapidly developed which showed a difference of mean temperature above 2.0. Before the Bundang new town construction the temperature of the residential area was the same as a forest, but during the new town construction in 1991 analysis revealed the creation of an urban heat island. The temperature of a forest whose size is over 50% of the investigation area was lowest, and thus the presence of a forest is believed to have a direct cooling effect on the urban environment and its surroundings. The mean temperature of the residential and commercial areas in the study was found to be 4.5 higher than the forest, and therefore this part of land use is believed to be the main factor causing the temperature increase of the urban heat island.     

城市热岛效应下浅层土中混凝土的酸腐蚀试验研究

针对城市热岛效应引起城区浅层土地温场升高这一观测结果,采用室内快速模拟试验方法,对城区酸性土壤腐蚀混凝土材料的温度效应开展了试验研究.试验研究了在温度为5℃、20℃和40℃条件下,混凝土试样在酸浓度分别为0%、5%和10%的沙土介质中放置30 d、90 d后的抗压强度变化规律,并对混凝土试样在腐蚀过程中的腐蚀系数变化规...     

热岛效应抑制工程

城市热岛效应是城市中心地区气温明显高于郊区气温的现象,是城市发展过程中的一种伴生灾害。2004年四川省林勘院资源监测中心,首次利用美国对地卫星观测系统MT数据分析成都的城市热岛效应。结果表明,热岛效应的热量公布在以天府广场为起点的东、南地区     

近10 a武汉市城市热岛效应演变及其#br# 与土地利用变化的关系

城市化进程的加快,农村人口大量涌入城市,城市布局及局部气候改变等因素使得城市热岛效应问题日益突出,已成为当前城市环境研究热点之一。以武汉市为例,应用遥感技术与地理信息系统技术,选取2004~2015年5个时相Landsat系列影像数据,利用单窗算法反演地表温度,并以此为基础进行热岛强度分级,获取了近10 a武汉市城市热岛效应变化结果,并分析了武汉市11个辖区城市热岛效应动态变化特征及热岛效应与土地利用变化的关系。研究结果表明：（1）自2007年后,武汉市老城区热岛面积持续减少,而新城区热岛面积则持续增加,呈现出以老城区为中心向新城区扩张的趋势,至2015年,新老城区热岛面积仅相差20.74 km2;（2）东西湖区、蔡甸区、江夏区与洪山区是近些年城市热岛面积增长较为显著的辖区,其中江夏区的热岛面积年际变化最大,最高值达95.42 km2;（3）城市热岛效应与土地利用类型的面积年际平均值拟合关系显示,2004~2015年,城市热岛效应与建筑用地的R2值最大,为0.681 2,建筑用地面积的增加是城市热岛强度面积扩张的重要影响因素。     

城市热岛效应威胁人类健康

城市热岛就是城市气温比其周围地区高,在近地层气温分布图上,城市是一个封闭的高温区,犹如汪洋大海中孤立的岛屿.据日本气象部门公布的数字,过去100年,由于温室效应,地球的平均气温上升了0.7℃.然而在这期间,东京市区的气温竟上升了7℃.     

基于AVHRR的成都平原城市热岛效应演变趋势分析

作为城市气候主要特征之一的热岛效应有日渐明显的趋势，给城市发展和市民生活带来一系列负面影响。对2000～2006年春季下午NOAA气象卫星遥感数据的处理和分析发现，随着城市的扩张，成都平原城市热岛效应的规模呈扩大趋势。成都市区热岛强度一般为5℃-7℃，局部地方极值可达8℃以上；市中心区热岛强度相对减弱，东部工业区热岛高温区面积逐渐缩小，市区西南部热岛明显发展，致使2003年起热岛次高温区在二、三环路附近大致呈环状分布。热岛演变与近几年城市建设和改造活动密切相关。研究成果为政府相关部门缓解热岛效应、改善人居环境提供了参考依据。     

成都平原城市热岛效应的遥感分析

将AVHRR第4通道数据经过辐射校正,再计算得到等效辐射亮温。用城市与郊区的亮温之差代表热岛温度,并以摄氏温标表示。采用统计、平面等值线和三维立体等方法,统计分析了成都平原12个城市的热岛最大强度!Tmax;分析了成都市白天和夜间城市热岛的动态变化规律,从宏观上形象地展示了成都平原的城市热岛现象及其特点。研究证明:利用NOAA/热红外遥感数据进行城市热岛效应的快速监测和宏观动态分析是可行的。     

Remote sensing of the urban heat island and its changes in Xiamen City of SE China

World-wide urbanization has significantly modified the landscape, which has important climatic implications across all scales due to the simultaneous removal of natural land cover and introduction of urban materials. This resulted in a phenomenon known as an urban heat island(UHI). A study on the UHI in Xiamen of China was carried out using remote sensing technology. Satellite thermal infrared images were used to determine surface radiant temperatures. Thermal remote sensing data were obtained from band 6 of two Landsat TM/ETM^ images of 1989 and 2000 to observe the UHI changes over l l-year period. The thermal infrared bands were processed through several image enhancement technologies. This generated two 3-dimension-perspective images of Xiamen‘s urban heat island in 1989 and 2000, respectively, and revealed heat characteristics and spatial distribution features of the UHI. To find out the change of the UHI between 1989 and 2000, the two thermal images were first normalized and scaled to seven grades to reduce seasonal difference and then overlaid to produce a difference image by subtracting corresponding pixels. The difference image showed an evident development of the urban heat island in the 11 years. This change was due largely to the urban expansion with a consequent alteration in the ratio of sensible heat flux to latent heat flux. To quantitatively compare UHI, an index called Urban-Heat-Island Ratio Index(URI) was created. It can reveal the intensity of the UHI within the urban area. The calculation of the index was based on the ratio of UHI area to urban area. The greater the index, the more intense the UHI was. The calculation of the index for the Xiamen City indicated that the ratio of UHI area to urban area in 2000 was less than that in 1989. High temperatures in several areas in 1989 were reduced or just disappeared, such as those in old downtown area and Gulangyu lsland. For the potential mitigation of the UHI in Xiamen, a long-term heat island reduction strategy of planting shade trees and using light-colored, highly reflective roof and paving materials should be included in the plans of the city planers, environmental managers and other decision-makers to improve the overall urban environment in the future.     

道路建设对成都市热岛效应的影响

热岛效应是城市气候最显著的特征之一。土地利用方式及土地覆盖的改变,如城市化和道路建设是导致热岛现象的重要原因之一。然而目前针对道路属性（道路密度及类型）对城市热岛效应的影响研究还较缺乏。本研究运用2012年成都市不同时次（冬夏季）的遥感数据及城市道路交通专题图,运用3S技术探讨道路密度对城市热岛效应的影响以及不同类型道路对城市热岛效应的热贡献。研究表明：（1）成都市热岛效应明显,市区地表平均温度显著高于郊区且热岛强度呈现夏强（3~4℃）冬弱（2.5~3℃）、夜强昼弱的特征。日间城市热岛效应呈现多热中心的分布模式,但冬夏季热岛中心位置不同。夏季日间热中心位于城市的西南部和中东北部,最高可达32.66℃,而冬季日间城市的西南部地表温度较高且热中心主要分布于城市边界地区,地表温度超过16℃。无论冬夏,夜间城市热岛效应均呈现环状分布特征,即从城市边缘到中心,地表温度逐渐升高,夏季城乡地表温差高达4.37℃而冬季达到2.82℃。（2）成都市区道路呈现“圈层型＋辐射型”分布模式,道路密度与道路的分布有关,城市南部及西南部的道路密度高于北部区域。（3）无论冬夏,道路密度与地表温度正相关,但两者相关性呈现昼弱夜强的特征,其中夜间相关系数达到0.5左右。对热效应贡献度指数、热单元权重指数、区域热单元权重指数3个指标的分析都表明无论冬夏、无论昼夜,市区分布面积最广的三级道路对城市热岛效应的热贡献最大,其热效应贡献度指数均在95%以上,其次是二级道路,各项热效应贡献度指数为45%~80%。本研究结果将有助于未来城市建设和道路规划,并为缓解城市热岛效应提供理论支持。     

城市高温灾害及其预防

本文通过实例阐述了大城市高温灾害的主要成因是热岛效应；分析了高温对工业生产、人民生活的影响和危害，进而提出了城市高温灾害的预防措施和对策。