生物阳极及其反转为生物阴极降解氯霉素

为了探讨生物阳极能否降解氯霉素以及生物阳极反转为生物阴极后能否替代生物阴极,通过驯化生物阳极降解氯霉素和生物阳极反转为生物阴极的实验,表明生物阳极经过长期氯霉素浓度梯度增加(5~80 mg·L-1)的驯化,具有较好产电能力的同时,对氯霉素也具有一定的降解能力(k=0.098 5).生物阳极反转为生物阴极后并将电位恒定在-0.40 V vs.SHE时,该生物阴极相对于反转前生物阳极的电位(-0.20 V vs.SHE)有了明显的降低,导致微生物活性受到一定的影响,但阴极生物膜仍具有较强的催化降解氯霉素的能力,其还原降解速率常数k为0.264 3,明显高于非生物阴极对照(k=0.160 9).生物阳极反转生物阴极的模式不仅实现了氯霉素的硝基还原,而且发生了芳香胺产物侧链的完全脱氯和羰基还原反应.     

影响大型复杂机械钢结构系统可靠性的因素分析

以结构力学为理论依据,以有限单元法为基础,借助和参考有关有限元程序设计方法,按照结构系统可靠性失效模式分析的要求,采用编程语言研制成功基于有限元的可靠性分析软件RAPS(Reliability Analysis Program of Structure based on FEM),运用该软件对立体车库钢结构的可靠性进行具体的分析;对判定结构系统失效与否的失效准则进行讨论和分析,并针对立体车库钢结构,得出合理的失效准则和系统可靠度的计算方法;通过实例说明约界参数CAP、失效路径长度和系统复杂程度对失效准则和系统可靠度结果的影响。     

A forest pathogen drives change in plant functional trait composition in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region

Plant functional traits weighted by cover-abundance have been used to measure change across a wide range of temperature, moisture and grazing gradients. We use this approach along a chronosequence of disease infestation (Phytophthora cinnamomi) in the species-diverse Banksia woodlands of the Southwest Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR). We compare the use of absolute (community-weighted totals-CWT) and relative cover data (community-weighted means-CWM) to demonstrate the importance of total cover change in reference to the Mass Ratio Hypothesis.Plant species cover-abundance was recorded along a space-for-time disease chronosequence, and functional trait data collected for the 48 dominant species from healthy vegetation. Six traits with deduced links to key ecosystem functions were measured for each species and values for two indices (CWT and CWM) compared along the disease chronosequence. Trait data was collected on plant height, growth form, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, root pattern and carbohydrate storage.Despite substantial shifts in individual species cover and a reduction in total species cover, the majority of CWM values did not change significantly following disease infestation. The use of relative cover-abundance data disregards important changes in total species cover, apparent from our comparative analysis. In contrast to CWMs, all CWT values were reduced following disease infestation, suggesting a potential reduction in productivity, reduced capacity as a carbon sink and altered site water balance. Verification of these potential changes in ecosystem functions is required using fine-scale quantitative techniques. The CWT index is complementary to traditional CWMs and useful when analysing changes in plant trait data where total species cover changes have been detected. In relation to P. cinnamomi infestation, shifts in CWT trait values indicate the ability of an introduced plant pathogen to have substantial indirect impacts beyond substantial floristic change.     

提高环境规划CAP系统智能性的集成方法

为了解决环境规划的计算机辅助系统（ＣＡＰ系统）应用效果差的问题,笔者提出应该采用系统集成的方法,吸收人工智能技术,尤其是专家系统技术,从而改善ＣＡＰ系统的智能性．本文着重针对不同开发水平的ＣＡＰ系统,介绍了几种具体的集成方法：与知识处理模块的集成;与专家系统的集成;以及与多媒体技术的集成．     

Strengthening the policy framework to resolve lax implementation of the Baltic Sea Action Plan for agriculture

In this perspective article, we provide recommendations for strengthening the policy framework for protecting the Baltic Sea from agricultural nutrient pollution. The most striking weakness is the lax implementation of prescribed abatement measures, particularly concerning manure management, in most countries. Institutions of the EU should also be leveraged for achieving Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) goals. In contrast to the Helsinki Convention, the European Union has economic, political and legal mandates to further implementation and compliance. Equally important is the need for strengthening of local institutions, particularly Water Boards and independent agricultural advisory services in the eastern Baltic Sea Region countries. There is also an urgent need for implementation of voluntary land-use measures where EU funding available to farmers is more broadly and effectively used by providing it on the basis of estimated abatement performance, which can be realized through modelling. The enormous potential for funding performance-based schemes, manure management infrastructure and advisory services through the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy are currently underutilized.Supplementary Informationhe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01573-3.     

Promise and performance of agricultural nutrient management policy: Lessons from the Baltic Sea

Following decades of international collaboration to restore the Baltic Sea, we provide an assessment of the domestic implementation of measures agreed to limit diffuse agricultural pollution and the patterns of policy instruments applied. Despite the Helsinki Convention being unusually specific in detailing what measures countries should introduce, we find many shortcomings. These are most pronounced in the larger countries (Poland, Germany and Russia), while smaller countries perform better, notably Sweden and Estonia. The patterns of policy instruments applied differ, influenced by domestic politics. The limited use of complementary policy instruments suggests that other priorities overrule full and effective implementation, with engagement mirroring the advantages that a restored Baltic Sea can bring to countries. Using the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development to support farmers in managing nutrients, particularly advisory services and investments in modern manure management technologies, represents a significant opportunity for reducing agricultural pollution in most countries.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01549-3.     

沉积物和土壤中胶体对氯霉素吸附行为的影响

天然胶体（NCs）在沉积物和土壤中广泛存在,并可影响抗生素等污染物的环境归趋.以氯霉素（CAP）为抗生素代表,选取不同来源的沉积物和土壤样品,结合切向超滤技术、动态光散射、紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱等多种纳米分析技术和方法,揭示了沉积物/土壤中不同相对分子质量NCs对CAP的吸附能力及其影响因素.结果表明,相对分子质量小的NCs自生源贡献率大且腐殖化程度高,而相对分子质量大的NCs以陆源来源为主,且芳环上含有更加丰富的羧基、羟基和羰基等官能团.平行因子分析共识别出4个荧光组分,其中类腐殖质组分是主要成分.基于传统批处理实验探究了沉积物/土壤不同组分对CAP的吸附行为,结果表明,线性模型和Freundlich模型能较好地拟合土样不同组分对CAP的吸附.原始样品、去除有/无机碳样品中的NCs对CAP的吸附率均值分别为4.46%、3.93%和6.61%,说明NCs中的有机碳对CAP的吸附行为具有重要影响.CAP更易被相对分子质量小的NCs吸附,这可能是因为相对分子质量小的NCs腐殖化程度高,芳环上取代基以脂肪链为主,且NCs中的色氨酸类蛋白物质会抑制其对CAP的吸附.冗余分析结果表明,沉积物和土壤NCs对CAP的吸附主要与其NCs来源、芳香性、芳环上的有氧官能团、腐殖化程度和类腐殖物质有关.     

Influence of several fungicides on the antioxidant activity of red wines (var. Monastrell)

The antioxidant activity of wines obtained from grapes treated with six fungicides (famoxadone, fenhexamid, fluquinconazole, kresoxim-methyl, quinoxyfen and trifloxystrobin) was investigated. Two field trials in triplicate were carried out for each formulation of the fungicide at the recommended dose of the manufacturer. The first trial was carried out under good agricultural practices (GAP), following the recommended pre-harvest interval, and the second one under critical agricultural practices (CAP) that involves treating the same field just before the harvest. The residue levels were determined by gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass detectors (GC-MS and LC-MS). The antioxidant activity was determined in the wines obtained from the thirteen trials including one control, six from treated grapes obeying the pre-harvest interval, and six from grapes treated at the day of harvest or at most unfavorable conditions. Elimination of 40–100% of the initial fungicide residues present in grapes was observed during the wine-making process. It can be inferred from the results that the use of these fungicides did not produce any decrease of the antioxidant activity in the wines (7.19 ± 0.22 mmol Trolox/L for the blank wine versus a range of 6.45 ± 0.82 mmol Trolox/L to 10.06 ± 0.59 mmol Trolox/L for the treated wines) at the pre-harvest interval and most unfavorable conditions. Nevertheless, the presence of famoxadone, kresoxim-methyl and quinoxyfen increased the antioxidant activity and this was directly related to their residue levels in the grapes. Also, the wine phenolic composition was altered in variable intensity by the presence of the fungicide residues.     

某海外项目应急机排烟扩散对直升机起降影响分析

目的对某海外海洋平台的直升机甲板上空直升机起降存在的风险进行分析。方法对比分析国内外的标准规范,确定以CAP437为直升机起降的量化衡量指标,在此基础上利用数值模拟软件对影响直升机起降的两个主要因素,温度场和湍流场进行模拟分析。结果无论是温升,还是湍流强度都不会对直升机的起降造成影响。结论该海外海洋平台上直升机甲板的不可用概率为0。同时确认此平台柴油应急机的烟气排放,及空调冷凝单元气体排放位置设置合理。     

CAF涡凹气浮——生物接触氧化工艺在制革废水处理中的应用

论述了沈阳市首例CAF涡凹气浮与生物接触氧化工艺相结合。在制革废水处理中的应用。制革厂废水经预处 理、气浮和生化工艺处理后,CODcr、SS、Cr6+、S2-去除率这85％～99.8％,出水水质达到辽宁省(DB21—60—89)新扩改二 级标准。30％净化水回用浸水车间。