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Ernest A. Meyer Joe Glicker Alan K. Bingham Roger Edwards 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1989,25(2):335-340
ABSTRACT: In a study to measure the efficacy of chioramines at inactivating Giardia cysts, the ability of cysts to excyst was measured after exposure to different concentrations of chloramines, for different times, and at different temperatures and pH. The chloramines were generated by mixing ammonium sulfate and sodium hypochlorate in water to approximate a 7:1 chlorine:ammonia ratio by weight. Times of 40, 80, 180, and 270 minutes; temperatures of 3, 10, and 18°C; target chioramine concentrations of 0.4, 1.4, 2.0, and 2.6 mg/L; and pH of 7.0 and 8.5 were the actual values tested. The combinations of these variables that were able to inactivate >99.8 percent of the cysts were a minimum chloramine concentration of 2.26 mg/L applied for 270 minutes at a water temperature of 10°C; and at 18°C, averaged minimum chloramine concentrations of 2.14 and 1.55 mg/L applied for 180 and 270 minutes, respectively. The minimum CT values corresponding to these combinations capable of >99.8 percent cyst inactivation, are 610 at 10°C and 385 at 18°C. Temperature was noted to exert a major effect on the ability of chloramines to inactivate cysts. Modifications of the methods used to generate chloramines may have an effect on the capacity of this disinfectant to inactivate cysts. 相似文献
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Y. Liang H.T. Gollany R.W. Rickman S.L. Albrecht R.F. Follett W.W. Wilhelm J.M. Novak C.L. Douglas Jr. 《Ecological modelling》2009
Soil carbon (C) models are important tools for examining complex interactions between climate, crop and soil management practices, and to evaluate the long-term effects of management practices on C-storage potential in soils. CQESTR is a process-based carbon balance model that relates crop residue additions and crop and soil management to soil organic matter (SOM) accretion or loss. This model was developed for national use in U.S and calibrated initially in the Pacific Northwest. Our objectives were: (i) to revise the model, making it more applicable for wider geographic areas including potential international application, by modifying the thermal effect and incorporating soil texture and drainage effects, and (ii) to recalibrate and validate it for an extended range of soil properties and climate conditions. The current version of CQESTR (v. 2.0) is presented with the algorithms necessary to simulate SOM at field scale. Input data for SOM calculation include crop rotation, aboveground and belowground biomass additions, tillage, weather, and the nitrogen content of crop residues and any organic amendments. The model was validated with long-term data from across North America. Regression analysis of 306 pairs of predicted and measured SOM data under diverse climate, soil texture and drainage classes, and agronomic practices at 13 agricultural sites having a range of SOM (7.3–57.9 g SOM kg−1), resulted in a linear relationship with an r2 of 0.95 (P < 0.0001) and a 95% confidence interval of 4.3 g SOM kg−1. Using the same data the version 1.0 of CQESTR had an r2 of 0.71 with a 95% confidence interval of 5.5 g SOM kg−1. The model can be used as a tool to predict and evaluate SOM changes from various management practices and offers the potential to estimate C accretion required for C credits. 相似文献
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We report a child with a subarachnoid cyst with hydrocephalus following a mid-trimester amniocentesis. Although fetal trauma is a rare complication, it is important to stress the need to perform amniocentesis under ultrasound control. Children with neurological disease or convulsions of unknown origin in early infancy who are born to mothers who have had midtrimester amniocentesis should have a CT scan as part of the investigations to exclude this rare but nevertheless important complication. 相似文献
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Digital simulation models of radiocesium cycling in Turkey Oaks were developed from in situ 134Cs tagging studies. Predictions of 134Cs steady-state distribution for 3-, 4- and 5-compartment, donor-controlled models were compared with the estimated fallout 137Cs distribution as a measure of model validation; output from the 5-compartment model compared best. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that Turkey Oak burden of 134Cs was equally sensitive to the output rate from the tree compartment and the availability of 134Cs for uptake (i.e., presence in the root zone) but not the rate of uptake by Turkey Oaks. Observed distribution and model predictions indicate that radiocesium is readily bioaccumulated by Turkey Oaks (~13% of the ecosystem burden) from the soil and is cycled within the sand hills—Turkey Oak ecosystem. 相似文献
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Little is known on the factors controlling distribution and abundance of snow petrels in Antarctica. Studying habitat selection through modeling may provide useful information on the relationships between this species and its environment, especially relevant in a climate change context, where habitat availability may change. Validating the predictive capability of habitat selection models with independent data is a vital step in assessing the performance of such models and their potential for predicting species’ distribution in poorly documented areas.From the results of ground surveys conducted in the Casey region (2002–2003, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica), habitat selection models based on a dataset of 4000 nests were created to predict the nesting distribution of snow petrels as a function of topography and substrate. In this study, the Casey models were tested at Mawson, 3800 km away from Casey. The location and characteristics of approximately 7700 snow petrel nests were collected during ground surveys (Summer 2004–2005). Using GIS, predictive maps of nest distribution were produced for the Mawson region with the models derived from the Casey datasets and predictions were compared to the observed data. Models performance was assessed using classification matrixes and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Overall correct classification rates for the Casey models varied from 57% to 90%. However, two geomorphologically different sub-regions (coastal islands and inland mountains) were clearly distinguished in terms of habitat selection by Casey model predictions but also by the specific variations in coefficients of terms in new models, derived from the Mawson data sets. Observed variations in the snow petrel aggregations were found to be related to local habitat availability.We discuss the applicability of various types of models (GLM, CT) and investigate the effect of scale on the prediction of snow petrel habitats. While the Casey models created with data collected at the nest scale did not perform well at Mawson due to regional variations in nest micro-characteristics, the predictive performance of models created with data compiled at a coarser scale (habitat units) was satisfactory. Substrate type was the most robust predictor of nest presence between Casey and Mawson. This study demonstrate that it is possible to predict at the large scale the presence of snow petrel nests based on simple predictors such as topography and substrate, which can be obtained from aerial photography. Such methodologies have valuable applications in the management and conservation of this top predator and associated resources and may be applied to other Antarctic, Sub-Antarctic and lower latitudes species and in a variety of habitats. 相似文献
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目的研究不同工艺下微通道冷板的特性及成因。方法以实验研究为基础,对两种工艺方式(增材制造和真空钎焊)下的某天线微通道冷板进行流动和传热分析。另外,还使用CT技术对两种冷板的内部结构进行成像。结果获得了冷板特性数据和内部成像图片。结论分析表明,增材制造的微通道冷板具有良好的性能,具备工程应用的潜力。 相似文献