关于既有民用建筑定期安全检测与维修问题的探讨

分析了既有民用建筑的现状，论述了既有民用建筑进行定期安全检测与维修的重要性，建议国家应制定既有民用建筑定期安全检测与维修的相关法规，并加强管理，保证实现工程的设计使用年限及延长建筑物的使用寿命，最大程度地发挥投资效益。     

Genetically Modified (GM) Crops: Precautionary Science and Conflicts of Interests

Risk governance of GM plants and GMfood products is presently subject to heatedscientific and public controversies. Scientistsand representatives of the biotechnologyindustry have dominated debates concerningsafety issues. The public is suspicious withregard to the motives of scientists, companies,and political institutions involved. Thedilemmas posed are nested, embracing valuequestions, scientific uncertainty, andcontextual issues. The obvious lack of data andinsufficient information concerning ecologicaleffects call for application of thePrecautionary Principle (PP). There are,however, divergent opinions among scientistsabout the relevance of putative hazards,definition of potential ``adverse effects,' andwhether actions should be taken to preventharm. The reliance on the concept ofsubstantial equivalence in safety evaluation ofGM food is equally controversial. Consequently,value assumptions embedded in a scientificframework may be a barrier for employment ofthe PP. One of our major conclusions is thatprecautionary GMP usage requires riskassessment criteria yet undeveloped, as well asbroader and more long-term conceptions of risk,uncertainty, and ignorance. Conflicts ofinterest and public participation are otherissues that need to be taken intoconsideration. GMP governance regimes that arejustifiable from a precautionary and ethicalpoint of view must transcend traditionalscientific boundaries to include alternativescientific perspectives as well as publicinvolvement.     

风险管理在民航事故预防中的应用

基于对航空安全极端重要性的深层次思考,将危险源辨识、风险评估和风险控制应用到民航事故预防中,对诱发事故的各种潜在因素进行分析、估计和评价,把1994-2003年的民航事故数据应用到风险水平矩阵中,得出人为因素失误和组织失调时的风险是不可接受的;进而提出风险控制措施,使人安全地与技术结合,并融入培训、管理政策或操作程序之中,有效减少人为失误;导致飞机事故的所有因素共同形成一个事故链,针对事故链中的每一个环节采取相应的措施,并协调好他们之间的关系有效地预防民航事故的发生.     

近十年中国民航事故及事故征候的统计分析

对1996—2005年我国民航发生的32起事故及1147起事故征候进行统计分析,其结果表明:我国民航事故和事故征候的万架次率及万时率均呈下降态势,机组、机械和机务原因是我国民航事故和事故征候的主要原因,事故征候的主要类型是鸟击、空中停车、偏出/冲出跑道/场外接地,事故征候发生阶段依次为巡航、起飞、着陆、爬升和进近。该研究成果有助于寻找事故和事故征候成因和规律。明确安全管理重点和难点;采取有效的预警和预控对策。     

我国民爆行业安全管理存在的主要问题及其对策

今年以来，民爆企业重、特大事故多发，安全生产日趋严峻。随着我国国民经济的快速发展，民爆行业安全问题已日益成为社会关注的热点，也成为安全监管的重点。本文从政府行业监管职责、企业主体责任两个层面存在的突出问题的剖析入手，为进一步强化民爆行业安全监督管理工作，在实施产业技术政策，落实政府监管责任，推进企业技术进步，加强企业基础管理，完善法律法规标准，深化安全专项整治，强化安全许可工作等方面提出了对策建议。     

Simulative governance: on the collaborative narrative of civil society participation in the CDM stakeholder framework

The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is often cited as an exemplar of new, hybrid forms of global environmental governance operating at the public–private interface. Practically, enacting this arrangement involves a wide range of non-state actors. This broad involvement is here assumed to mark a shift towards more polycentric and networked modes of governance in which agents collaborate as ‘stakeholders’ in the process of consensual rule-setting and implementation. Using post-political critique, the depoliticising effects of the stakeholder framework on civil society actors are interrogated, using formal and informal participation opportunities to raise concerns regarding specific CDM projects. The analysis suggests that the CDM’s collaborative narrative of stakeholding structurally fails to stimulate public (re)engagement and is, instead, a prime example of simulative governance that struggles to achieve the simultaneity of two incompatibilities: the participatory revolution and the post-political turn.     

Loss of traditional knowledge aggravates wolf–human conflict in Georgia (Caucasus) in the wake of socio-economic change

Reports of the damage from wolf attacks have increased considerably over the last decade in Georgia (in the Caucasus). We interviewed locals about this problem in two focal regions: the Lanchkhuti area (in western Georgia) and Kazbegi District (in eastern Georgia) where livestock numbers had increased by an order of magnitude owing to dramatic shifts in the local economies over the last decade. This coincided with expanding habitats for wolves (abandoned plantations, for example). We found that the perceived damage from wolves was positively correlated with a poor knowledge of wolf habits and inappropriate livestock husbandry practices. Our results suggest a loss of traditional knowledge contributes strongly to the wolf–human conflicts in Georgia. Restoring traditional, simple but good practices—such as protecting herds using shepherd dogs and introducing bulls into the herds—can help one solve this problem.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0580-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

民用飞机整机低温试验中断处理方法研究

根据民用飞机整机开展气候类实验室低温环境试验的工程需求与技术特点,对试验过程中可能出现的中断情况进行了归纳,并给出了相应的实验室中断处理方法 ,形成了实验室操作规程体系.结合相关试验标准归纳的主要中断原因,基于过试验、欠试验、责任故障、非责任故障等引起的中断情况,明确其可能造成的影响后果,并研究了中断后的处理方法 .按...     

Privatisation and outsourcing in wartime: the humanitarian challenges

The tendency today to privatise many activities hitherto considered the exclusive preserve of the state has given rise to sharp debate. The specific nature of humanitarian emergencies elucidates in particularly stark contrast some of the main challenges connected to the privatisation and outsourcing of essential public services, such as the provision of drinking water and health care. Privatising the realms of defence and security, which are at the very core of state prerogative, raises several legal and humanitarian concerns. This article focuses on the roles and responsibilities of the various parties involved in armed conflicts, especially those of private companies engaged in security, intelligence and interrogation work, and in the provision of water supply and health services. It highlights the need for humanitarian and development actors to grasp better the potential risks and opportunities related to privatisation and outsourcing with a view to supplying effective protection and assistance to communities affected by war.     

环境司法专门化下的特殊环境诉讼规则

我国的环境司法处于发展初期,有关环境纠纷的司法救济程序散落在不同的部门法中。为了维护国家环境安全和公共环境利益,构建环境司法专门化势在必行,但是在特殊的环境保护法院进行专门化的环境审判过程中,出现环境诉讼保护对象的争议性、生态环境损害责任承担的特殊性等问题亟待解决,环境民事公益诉讼和生态环境损害赔偿诉讼等特殊环境诉讼规则应运而生,虽然目前还面临着一些困境,但是整体上构建环境司法体系的进程依然在不断推进。