从动力地质作用原理探讨沙漠化成因

大规模沙漠化从岩石记录中可以追溯到中生代中期，第四纪以来南北两半球各存在一条中纬度沙漠带，中国的沙漠化是这个全球沙漠化进程的一个组成部分。沙漠化是在地质演化过程中受内、外动力地质作用联合控制的地质事件。是岩石圈与大气圈、生物圈及水圈强烈作用在地壳表层形成的一种特殊地质现象。这种现象的形成与演化是漫长的和具有周期性的，不会因为局部的条件变化而发生整体意义上的突变。人类活动是局部的，在整个地球沙漠化进程中只是起到一个加速剂的作用。沙漠化过程可分为3个阶段，即物理风化与沙源积聚阶段、风沙作用阶段和沙漠化阶段。沙漠期后沙丘沙经过固化生草、胶结成岩阶段后即形成风成砂岩。     

Human adaptation to climate change: a review of three historical cases and some general perspectives

To study mitigation and adaptation to climate change, social scientists have drawn on different approaches, particularly sociological approaches to the future and comparative history of past societies. These two approaches frame the social and temporal boundaries of decision-making collectivities in different ways. A consideration of the responses to climate variability in three historical cases, the Classic Maya of Mexico and Central America, the Viking settlements in Greenland, and the US Dust Bowl, shows the value of integrating these two approaches.     

全球环境变化与全球不平等南北方的不同立场

全球环境变化给发展中国家和南北关系带来深刻影响，理解环境问题的全球不平等需要以发展中国家80年代开始的经济结构调整和沉重债务为背景。南方的环境政策优先在很大程度上与其生活的可持续性相连，而不是通常与全球环境变化的长期性风险相关，然而，全球环境变化又与发展中国家贫困人口的日常生活紧密相关。从南方的立场看，当“问题”对他们不十分迫切时，就很难同意采取措施，仅此原因，北方对全球环境变化的关切要得到成功回应，真正的全球契约就需要解决基本“发展”问题，主要是贫困。     

Climate Convention Implementation: An Opportunity for the Pacific Island Nations to Move Toward Sustainable Energy Systems

This article does not focus on adaptation or mitigation policy directly but on an allied opportunity that exists for the Pacific Islands via the auspices of the Climate Convention, because the existing very costly energy systems used in the Pacific Island region are fossil-fuel dependent. It is argued here that efforts can be made towards the development of energy systems that are ecologically sustainable because Pacific Island nations are eligible to receive assistance to introduce renewable energy technology and pursue energy conservation via implementation mechanisms of the Climate Convention and, in particular, through transfer of technology and via joint implementation. It is contended that assistance in the form of finance, technology, and human resource development from developed countries and international organizations would provide sustainable benefits in improving the local Pacific Island environments. It is also emphasized that mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions is not the responsibility of the Pacific Islands as they contribute very little on a per capita global scale and a tiny proportion of total global greenhouse gas emissions.     

渭河径流特性研究

由于工农业的快速发展,渭河径流逐年减少,污染加重,河道淤积不断发展,洪涝灾害时有发生,对中下游人民生产生活造成严重影响.为了减少洪害,减轻污染,必须保证渭河常年径流稳定.     

重复碰撞载荷下加筋板结构的动态响应研究

目的 探究船体加筋板结构在受到重复碰撞载荷作用下塑性变形的累计趋势,分析加筋板主要参数对损伤演化过程的影响,揭示高速、重复冲击下船体加筋结构的变化机理。方法 以一纵三肋加筋板为研究对象,建立基于能量法的刚塑性加筋板动态变形计算方法,以及基于Johnson-Cook本构关系的数值模拟方法,开展不同板架厚度、冲击能量以及冲击尺寸等参数对加筋板变形演化影响的研究。结果 对比分析了理论模型和数值方法,获得了不同参数下的加筋板的结构损伤演化规律。结论 理论解和数值解较为吻合。冲击能量增加后,加筋板的塑性变形量、塑性变形累积速度也随之增加。载荷集中程度越大,对于碰撞边界的破坏效应越大。     

振动频率与龄期对河道淤泥气泡混合轻质土动力特性影响及机理

利用室内动三轴实验研究了振动频率与龄期对河道淤泥气泡混合轻质土（FMLSS）动力特性的影响。结果表明,振动频率和龄期对FMLSS的动力特性有明显影响。振动频率越小,轴向动应变和阻尼比越大,动模量越小。随着养护龄期的增长,动模量增大而阻尼比减小。动模量曲线在振动频率大、养护龄期长和水泥含量高时更加陡峭。当动应变较小时,不同龄期的FMLSS阻尼比很接近,随着动应变不断发展,阻尼比差异增大。FMLSS的动模量曲线都呈平缓衰减型,阻尼比在0.01~0.03之间,体现出FMLSS是良好的弹性材料。最后,探讨了振动频率和龄期对FMLSS动力特性的影响机理。     

改性陶粒对水中卡马西平去除的动态吸附实验及模型

用CTMAB(十六烷三甲基溴化铵)对陶粒进行改性,以卡马西平(CBZ)为目标污染物,研究了吸附去除饮用水中CBZ的性能并探讨了其应用的可行性。通过滤料吸附去除CBZ的动态实验,发现改性陶粒的去除效果优于陶粒。进水CBZ浓度为2 μg·L-1时,改性陶粒对CBZ的去除率最高为50%,陶粒最高的去除率为40%。研究了滤料再生对吸附性能的影响,发现陶粒和改性陶粒对CBZ的去除均随再生次数的增加而降低,改性陶粒的去除效果仍优于陶粒,改性陶粒的使用期限更长久。讨论了修正前后的Thomas模型,推导得到能更准确描述穿透曲线的Thomas模型取值范围。滤料穿透曲线用原始Thomas模型能很好地计算的速率常数kTh和平衡吸附量q0。利用原始Thomas模型也能较为准确地预测滤柱的穿透时间。     

Untangling unexpected terrestrial conservation challenges arising from the historical human exploitation of marine mammals in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean

Intensive human exploitation of the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) in its primary population centre on sub-Antarctic South Georgia, as well as on other sub-Antarctic islands and parts of the South Shetland Islands, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries rapidly brought populations to the brink of extinction. The species has now recovered throughout its original distribution. Non-breeding and yearling seals, almost entirely males, from the South Georgia population now disperse in the summer months far more widely and in higher numbers than there is evidence for taking place in the pre-exploitation era. Large numbers now haul out in coastal terrestrial habitats in the South Orkney Islands and also along the north-east and west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula to at least Marguerite Bay. In these previously less- or non-visited areas, the seals cause levels of damage likely never to have been experienced previously to fragile terrestrial habitats through trampling and over-fertilisation, as well as eutrophication of sensitive freshwater ecosystems. This increased area of summer impact is likely to have further synergies with aspects of regional climate change, including reduction in extent and duration of sea ice permitting seals access farther south, and changes in krill abundance and distribution. The extent and conservation value of terrestrial habitats and biodiversity now threatened by fur seal distribution expansion, and the multiple anthropogenic factors acting in synergy both historically and to the present day, present a new and as yet unaddressed challenge to the agencies charged with ensuring the protection and conservation of Antarctica’s unique ecosystems.     

TEPA调控AMP-DGDE水溶液相变吸收CO2性能及机理

相变吸收剂在降低CO₂捕集能耗方面具有较大优势,但现有吸收剂普遍存在再生性能差的问题。基于2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇 (AMP) 的吸收剂再生性能优异,但通常难以发生相变。利用四乙烯五胺 (TEPA) 作为相变调控剂引入AMP-二乙二醇二甲醚 (DGDE) 水溶液,构建了具有良好再生性能的新型相变吸收剂AMP-DGDE-TEPA。在最佳配比下,AMP-DGDE-TEPA的吸收负荷可达0.88 mol∙mol⁻¹,其中97.6%的CO₂富集于溶液下层,下层体积仅占总体积51%。经7次吸收-解吸循环,吸收剂的吸收负荷仍能保持0.63 mol∙mol⁻¹,再生效率为71.6%。¹³C核磁共振结果表明,AMP与CO₂反应生成易于分解的碳酸氢盐,因而吸收剂具有良好的再生性能;而TEPA的引入可使系统中生成稳定的质子化TEPA和氨基甲酸盐。质子化TEPA和氨基甲酸盐具有高极性,可打破吸收剂原有的均相状态,促使吸收剂发生液-液相变。相比于DGDE,H₂O和极性反应产物之间具有更强的相互作用力,这些物质聚集形成CO₂富相,而DGDE则单独形成CO₂贫相。此外,AMP-DGDE-TEPA的再生显热和潜热仅为0.33和0.43 GJ∙t⁻¹ CO₂,具有良好的节能潜力。该研究结果可为高效低能耗碳捕集材料的制备提供参考。