Steam reforming of glycerol for syngas generation under cold plasma conditions: A DFT study

Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to investigate the reaction pathways with steam reforming of glycerol under cold plasma conditions. Total energies, energy barriers, and reaction enthalpies at 298.15 K have been calculated at the GGA/PW91/DNP level. The calculation shows that, with the presence of steam, the energy barrier of glycerol conversion is reduced and the conversion from glycerol to H₂ and CO is promoted under cold plasma conditions. The formation of syngas was through a multi-step pathway via the conversion of OHCH₂CHOH, CH₂OH, CH₂O, HCO,·and CH₃, while the recombination of H generated extra H₂. The synthesis of hydrocarbons are from the recombination of·CH₃,·CH₂, and·CH, which could be primarily generated through glycerol dissociation. The structure of glycerol anion was also studied in this work, and it was less stable than the neutral molecule. The route for the formation of OHCH₂CHOH·and CH₂OH·from glycerol anion is thermodynamically favorable.     

以多联产为支撑点的"合成气城市"规划 --煤炭城市的可持续发展

目前,中国煤炭城市普遍面临城市产业结构迫切需要转型、城市生态环境问题严重、城市人口就业形势严重等挑战。在低价高硫煤资源丰富、石油和天然气资源缺乏、经济发展水平适中、产业结构亟待调整的典型地区实施以多联产为支撑点的“合成气城市”规划,是这类煤炭城市实现经济、社会、环境、资源相互协调的可持续发展之路。本文初步探讨了“合成气城市”规划研究的内容,并以山东省济宁市是为例分析了实施“合成气城市规划”的收益。     

尾气余热制氢柴油机的燃烧特性分析

设计了一种利用发动机尾气余热制取氢气的装置,该装置可以利用发动机余热,将乙醇水溶液催化反应为富含氢气的重整气。该重整气通入发动机供其燃烧使用,可以有效的提高发动机的燃烧效率。主要考虑该重整气对柴油燃烧的影响,依据美国加州劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室反应机理,通过Chemkin软件计算该装置生成的重整气加入发动机以后对发动机燃烧特性的影响,分析了不同重整气掺混比例下的火焰传播速度,研究了柴油燃烧和柴油混合重整气燃烧的区别,总结了重整气在改善发动机燃烧方面所发挥的作用。     

Experimental study on MSW gasification and melting technology

In order to develop municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification and melting technology, two preliminary experiments and a principle integrated experiment were fulfilled respectively. The gasification characteristics of MSW are studied at 500-750℃ when equivalence ratio (ER) was 0.2-0.5 using a fluidized-bed gasifier. When temperature was 550-700℃ and ER was 0.2-0.4, low heat value (LHV) of syngas reaches 4000-12000 kJ/Nm3. The melting characteristics of fly ash were investigated at 1100-1460℃ using a fixed-bed furnace. It was proved that over 99.9% of dioxins could be decomposed and most heavy-metals could be solidified when temperature was 1100-1300℃. The principle integrated experiment was carried out in a fluidized-bed gasification and swirl-melting system. MSW was gasified efficiently at 550-650℃, swirl-melting furnace maintains at 1200-1300℃ stably and over 95% of fly ash could be caught by the swirl-melting furnace. The results provided much practical experience and basic data to develop MSW gasification and melting technology.     

温度对干化污泥水蒸气气化产气特性的影响

采用固定床气化装置,在水蒸气流量为0.32 kg/h条件下进行了污泥水蒸气气化实验。研究了温度对污泥气化气体产率、氢气产率、气体成分与低位热值、气体能源转化率的影响。结果表明:随着反应温度从700℃上升到1 000℃;气体产率从0.39 m3/kg升至0.61 m3/kg;氢气产率从0.18 m3/kg升至0.34 m3/kg;气体能源转化率从54%升至88%;产气的低位热值从10 688.1 kJ/m3提高至11 168.9 kJ/m3。同时产气中H2和CO含量随着温度的升高而增加,CH4、CO2和CnHm含量随温度的升高而减少。因此,为了获得更多的可燃气体,建议在污泥水蒸气气化工艺中,气化温度必须大于800℃。     

Dilution sampling and analysis of particulate matter in biomass-derived syngas

Thermochemical biomass gasification, followed by conversion of the produced syngas to fuels and electrical power, is a promising energy alternative. Real-world characterization of particulate matter (PM) and other contaminants in the syngas is important to minimize damage and ensure efficient operation of the engines it powers and the fuels created from it. A dilution sampling system is demonstrated to quantify PM in syngas generated from two gasification plants utilizing different biomass feedstocks: a BioMax^?15 Biopower System that uses raw and torrefied woodchips as feedstocks, and an integrated biorefinery (IBR) that uses rice hulls and woodchips as feedstocks. PM_2.5 mass concentrations in syngas from the IBR downstream of the purification system were 12.8–13.7 μg·m^-3, which were significantly lower than the maximum level for catalyst protection (500 μg·m^-3) and were 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than those in BioMax^?15 syngas (2247–4835 μg·m^-3). Ultrafine particle number concentration and PM_2.5 chemical constituents were also much lower in the IBR syngas than in the BioMax^?15. The dilution sampling system enabled reliable measurements over a wide range of concentrations: the use of high sensitivity instruments allowed measurement at very low concentrations (~1 μg·m^-3), while the flexibility of dilution minimized sampling problems that are commonly encountered due to high levels of tars in raw syngas (~1 g·m^-3).     

Process conditions of preparing methanol from cornstalk gas

The low-heat-value cornstalk gas produced in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier was tentatively used for methanol synthesis. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as deoxygenation, desulfurization, catalytic cracking of tar, purification and hydrogenation were studied. The catalytic experiments of methanol synthesis with cornstalk syngas were carried out in a tubular-flow integral and isothermal reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, pressure, catalysttypes, catalyst particle size, syngas flow at entering end and composition of syngas was investigated. The optimum process conditions and yield of methanol from cornstalk syngas were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the proper catalyst of the synthetic reaction was C301 and the optimum catalyst size (φ) was 0.833 mm×0.351 mm. The optimum operating temperature and pressure were found to be 235℃ and 5 Mpa, respectively. The suitable syngas flow 0.9-1.10 mol/h at entering end was selected and the best composition of syngas were CO 10.49%, CO2 8.8%, N2 37.32%, CnHm 0.95% and H2 40.49%. The best methanol yield is 0.418 g/g cornstalk. The study provided the technical support for the industrial test of methanol production from biomass (cornstalk)gas.     

Combined steam-dry reforming of toluene in syngas over CaNiRu/Al2O3 catalysts

Cracking, steam reforming, dry reforming, and combined steam and dry reforming of toluene in model syngas were performed using catalysts to simulate tar removal produced during biomass gasification. The catalysts were prepared by adding Ru, Ca, and Mn to Ni-based catalysts, and their properties were measured using BET, pulse CO chemisorption, XRD and TG. In steam and dry reforming of toluene, a high toluene conversion was observed with increasing Ca content in the catalyst and catalysts containing Ca showed a higher activity than those containing Mn. In combined steam-dry reforming with syngas, 1%CaNiRu/Al₂O₃ indicated a conversion of 93.9% at 800°C.     

Steam Reforming of Bio-Oil Aqueous Fractions for Syngas Production and Energy

Abstract The biorefinery concept has been proposed as a route map to convert biomass into fuels and chemicals, maximizing economic and environmental benefits while minimizing pollution. A biorefinery strategy based on fast pyrolysis is proposed following a two-stage process, where biomass is first subjected to fast pyrolysis, optimized to collect up to 75% (per unit weight of biomass) of a liquid fraction called bio-oil. This bio-oil or its fractions can be upgraded in a second step to different chemicals, to a syngas and/or to energy. In particular, the catalytic steam reforming of the aqueous fraction of bio-oil obtained by fractionation with water is one of the most attractive possibilities for bio-oil upgrading, yielding a H2-rich syngas with low CO content. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the best alternative for the catalytic steam reforming process is hydrogen production through further purification of the gas obtained.