Determinants of male territorial behavior in a Hungarian collared flycatcher population: plumage traits of residents and challengers

In intrasexual conflicts, contestants can rely on relative or absolute size of status badges to mediate aggressive behavior. Most studies focus on the response of focal animals to variation in status badges of their competitors; few have simultaneously considered the traits of both participants under experimental conditions. By simulating territorial intrusions, we tested the importance of two sexual traits forehead patch size (FPS) and wing patch size (WPS)] in territorial behavior of males in a Hungarian population of the collared flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis. We presented a stimulus male to an unpaired resident male to examine whether the characteristics of the territory owner or those of the challenger were associated with the latency of the first attack of the owner, which is a good predictor of the territorial behavior in general. WPS of the stimulus male was a significant determinant of the latency of the first attack, as males with a larger WPS elicited quicker attacks from the residents than males with a small WPS. From the residents’ perspective, age appeared to influence their territorial behavior, as yearlings had shorter attack latencies than older males. Additionally, latency could be considered an individual-specific attribute because it varied consistently among males, even when the WPS of the stimulus male was controlled, and it was associated with pairing success. Contrary to findings in a Swedish population, FPS seemed to be unimportant in male–male competition in our population, which suggests population differences in the role of the two plumage traits. Our results indicate that in a territorial conflict, the characteristics of both participants are important.