城镇化过程对鄱阳湖流域生态系统的影响

城镇化是社会经济发展和现代文明的重要标志，但带来了严重的资源危机和生态环境问题。以鄱阳湖独特的流域特征为研究对象，以城市人口数量表征城镇化的进程，分类解析1990~2011年江西省统计年鉴数据，通过讨论鄱阳湖土地资源结构变化、水资源变化特征、湿地生态系统、生物多样性等资源消耗程度，以及大气污染和水污染为代表的城镇主要污染问题，探讨快速城镇化下鄱阳湖生态环境对干扰的响应。结果表明：鄱阳湖流域各城市的城镇化进展及其机制不同，南昌、九江和上饶城市扩张迅速，而景德镇和赣州发展较平缓；城镇化导致水资源日益紧缺，各城市年总用水量2003年以后均呈增加趋势，其中农业用水量逐年增加，工业用水量各城市年变化存在差异；生物多样性特征受到严重威胁，湖泊水面及湿地面积的持续减少，生物环境的组成和结构发生改变；九江等城市工业废气排放量加大、南昌等城市工业废水排放高，造成湖区环境恶化。根据分析，建议鄱阳湖流域未来从规划土地利用类型、统一调配水资源、制定生物多样性保护对策、加强环境污染治理、强化环保宣传和规划与政策法律化等多方面采取措施。本文为鄱阳湖生态系统可持续发展和生态经济区的城镇化建设提供理论参考

EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON THE ECOSYSTEM OF POYANG LAKE

Urbanization is an important symbol of the economy development,and one of the most significant economic and social phenomena of the contemporary era,but it brings a serious crisis of resources and ecological problems.Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and an important wetland for birds in the world.Poyang Lake basin was chosen as the typical studied area; urban population was used to examine the urbanization process,1990-2011 Jiangxi Statistical Yearbook data was analyzed in this paper.The influences on ecosystems caused by urbanization in Poyang Lake basin were discussed,including land use pattern changes,water resources variation,wetland ecosystems biodiversity and other resources depletion,air and water pollution problems.The results showed that urbanization progress of Poyang Lake basin cities and its mechanism were different.Nanchang,Jiujiang and Shangrao had rapid urban expansion,and the development of Jingdezhen and Ganzhou was more gentle. Urbanization led to increasing scarcity of water resources,revolutionized the land surface,undermining the region of normal water cycle.Annual rainfall declined,but the total annual water consumption in the cities showed an increasing trend after 2003; the yearly agricultural water increased,but industrial water consumption changes were different in each city.Biological diversity was seriously threatened by urbanization.Lake water area and wetland area were continued to decrease,the composition and structure of the biological environment changed a lot. The rapid expansion of urbanization and lack of green infrastructure put enormous pressure on the ecosystem of Poyang Lake basin,especially on air pollution and water pollution.Industrial gas emissions of Jiujiang city increased,the industrial wastewater of Nanchang and other cities was pretty high,which caused the lakes environmental degradation.Finally,according to the analysis,appropriate countermeasures were proposed to deal with these problems,such as coordinating development between land use intensification and biodiversity conservation;utilizing water resources in a reasonable manner;strengthening water conservation,especially to strengthen industrial and agricultural water conservation;optimizing the controlling schedule scheme of the Three Gorges reservoir operation and the “five rivers” ecological water conservancy project; building the natural buffer zone and continuous habitats in the process of urbanization in order to save and restore biodiversity around the city; accelerating the construction of urban sewage treatment plants and landfill,controlling non point source pollution; improving the ecological environment protection responsibility of citizens through education.In the early stage of Poyang Lake basin urbanization development,this research provides theoretical references for ecological urban construction of Poyang Lake economic zones,and harmonizes the urbanization and ecosystem sustainable development