基于蒙特卡罗模拟的高校室内甲醛暴露健康风险评价

为了量化分析高校新建教学楼室内环境污染引起的健康风险问题,调查了武汉市某高校新建教学楼室内甲醛污染状况,引入美国环保署(EPA)致癌风险模型,运用蒙特卡罗模拟室内甲醛暴露对不同性别的教师和学生受体造成的健康风险,进行不确定性分析,并研究各参数敏感度。结果表明,该教学楼室内的监测点监测得到的甲醛质量浓度数据中有5%超过标准限值(0.10 mg/m³,参照《室内空气质量标准》),存在一定的健康风险。健康风险评估结果显示,男性的癌症风险和超标率略高于女性,教师群体健康风险平均值超过限值(1×10^-6)9倍左右,且高于学生群体3~4倍。对教师造成影响最大的参数为暴露时间,对学生影响最大的参数为甲醛质量浓度,在无致癌风险的室内甲醛质量浓度和在可接受健康风险限值(1×10^-6)下,推荐教师每日平均暴露时间不超过0.31 h/d(男性)和0.35 h/d(女性)。

Healthrisk assessment of indoor form-aldehyde exposure in universities based on Monte-Carlo simulation

In this paper,we would like to introduce the environmental protection agency( EPA) by using the carcinogenic risk model. To achieve the investigation goal,we have taken the indoor environment of the newly-built up teaching building of a university in Wuhan as a case study sample. And,in our research,we have been allowed to measure on the spot the healthkeeping situation and the risks faced by the student population.On the other hand,the side of the university was volunteer to provide us with relevant decision-making supports and allow us to know the measures then themselves to improve the indoor conditions and the actual pollution situation of the new teaching building of the university. And,therefore,considering the various changing factors in the actual situation,we have managed to have analyzed the uncertainty factors of the health risks to be caused by the indoor formaldehyde exposure both to the teachers and the students with different gender receptors,and the sensitivity of each parameter in the model by using the Monte-Carlo simulation method. As the result of the investigation,and referring to the"indoor air quality standards",we have found that 5% of the formaldehyde concentration data obtained from the monitoring points in the teaching building prove to go beyond the standard limit( 0. 10 mg/m³),and,such a limited standard implies some certain health risks. The results of the health risk assessment we have made signify that the cancer risk of men is slightly higher than that of women,and the average health risk of teachers exceeds the limit value(1 × 10^-6) by about 9 times,which is 3-4 times higher than that of students. For teachers,the exposure time is the most sensitive indicators(55. 4% for male and56. 8% for female),followed by the formaldehyde concentration;and formaldehyde concentration rate serves as the primary parameters in influencing the health of the students( 62. 7% for male and 62. 9% for female),followed by the exposure of time length. The recommended concentration rate of formaldehyde without carcinogenic risk standard is 0. 005 mg/m³( for male teachers),0. 006 mg/m³(for female teachers) and 0. 026 mg/m³( for male students), 0. 030 mg/m³( for female students). In the case when the pollutant conditions cannot be changed temporarily,the recommended daily average exposure time length for teachers should not exceed 0. 31 h/d( for male),0. 35 h/d( for female),whereas the recommended daily average exposure time length for students should not be beyond 3. 12 h/d( male),and 3. 54 h/d( female).