Derivation of predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol based on Chinese resident species |
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Authors: | Jin Xiaowei Zha Jinmiao Xu Yiping Giesy John P Richardson Kristine L Wang Zijian |
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Affiliation: | a State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China b Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada c Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA d Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia e Department of Biology & Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China f Environmental Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA |
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Abstract: | 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is a common chemical intermediate and a by-product of water chlorination and combustion processes, and is a priority pollutant of the aquatic environment in many countries. Although information on the toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP is available, there is a lack of information on the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 2,4,6-TCP, mainly due to the shortage of chronic and site-specific toxicity data. In the present study, acute and sub-chronic toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP on six different resident Chinese aquatic species were determined. PNEC values were calculated and compared by use of two approaches: assessment factor (AF) and species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Values for acute toxicity ranged from 1.1 mg L−1 (Plagiognathops microlepis) to 42 mg L−1 (Corbicula fluminea) and the sub-chronic no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) ranged from 0.05 mg L−1 (Mylopharyngodon piceus) to 2.0 mg L−1 (C. fluminea). PNECs obtained by the assessment factor approach with acute (AF = 1000, 0.001 mg L−1) or chronic (AF = 10, 0.005 mg L−1) toxicity data were one order of magnitude less than those from SSD methods (0.057 mg L−1). PNEC values calculated using SSD methods with a 50% certainty for 2,4,6-TCP was less than those obtained by use of the USEPA recommend final chronic value (FCV) method (0.097 mg L−1) and the one obtained by use of the USEPA recommend acute-to-chronic (ACR) methods (0.073 mg L−1). PNECs derived using AF methods were more protective and conservative than that derived using SSD methods. |
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Keywords: | 2,4,6-TCP, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol PNEC, predicted no-effect concentration SSD, species sensitivity distribution AF, application factor NOEC, no-observed effect concentration LOEC, lowest observed effect concentration MATC, maximum allowable toxicant concentration CCC, criterion continuous concentration FAV, final chronic value FCV, final chronic values ACRs, acute to chronic ratios FACR, final acute-to-chronic ratios WQC, water quality criteria SGR, specific growth rate |
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