Possible alkylation of inorganic Hg(II) by photochemical processes in the environment |
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Authors: | Yin Yongguang Chen Baowei Mao Yuxiang Wang Thanh Liu Jingfu Cai Yong Jiang Guibin |
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Institution: | a Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain b Water Technology Centre, CETaqua, Carretera d’Esplugues 75, Cornellà de Llobregat, 08940 Barcelona, Spain c Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain d Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H2O, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain e King Saud University, Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia |
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Abstract: | Contamination of surface waters by pesticides continues to be the focus of concern for water authorities due to the growing evidence of their deleterious effects on aquatic life. In this context, the present work investigates the occurrence of 16 selected pesticides belonging to the classes of triazines, phenylureas, organophosphates, chloroacetanilides and thiocarbamates in surface waters from the Llobregat River (NE Spain) and some of its tributaries (Anoia and Rubí) and assesses their potential impact on the aquatic organisms by applying a recently developed index, the Short-term Pesticide Risk Index for the Surface Water System (PRISW-1), which takes into account the pesticides concentrations and their overall toxicity against three aquatic organisms (algae, Daphnia, and fish). Chemical analysis, performed by means of a fully automated method based on isotope dilution on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (on-line SPE-LC-ESI-MS/MS), revealed diuron and diazinon as the most ubiquitous and abundant compounds with levels up to 818 and 132 ng L−1, respectively. Total pesticide concentrations, which in only 1 out of 66 samples surpassed 500 ng L−1, were higher in the tributaries than in the river but their contribution in terms of mass-loads to the overall pesticide pollution of the Llobregat River was relatively small. Contamination increased downstream of the river and was clearly influenced by rainfall and hence river flow. Application of the PRISW-1 index indicated that, although pesticides levels fulfilled the European Union Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for surface waters, the existing pesticide contamination poses a low to high ecotoxicological risk for aquatic organisms, that algae and macro-invertebrates are at higher risk than fish, and that the organophosphates diazinon and malathion and the phenylurea diuron are the major contributors to the overall toxicity and therefore the most problematic compounds. |
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Keywords: | Pesticides Llobregat River Risk assessment Mass spectrometry Surface water |
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