Conservation and the Antarctic environment: The working group reports of the joint IUCN/SCAR Symposium on the scientific requirements for Antarctic conservation |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, POB 112120, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA;2. School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK;3. Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK;4. British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK;1. Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;2. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland;3. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;4. Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa;5. Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa;6. National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;7. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland;1. College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;2. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0450, USA;3. Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;4. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Glaciology and Climate, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, København K, Denmark;5. British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environmental Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK;6. Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, University of New Hampshire, NH 03824, USA;7. Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA;8. Radiocarbon Laboratory, Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia;1. Department of Chemistry and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal;2. Pelagic Ecology Research Group, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK;3. British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, CB30ET, Cambridge, UK;4. MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal;5. Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal;6. CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal;7. Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France;1. Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK;2. TRAFFIC, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK;3. BirdLife International, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK;4. The National Trust, Heelis, Kemble Drive, Swindon, SN2 2NA, UK;5. Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College, London, UK;6. School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK;7. Natural England, Eastbrook, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge, CB2 8DR, UK;8. Oxford Martin Programme on the Illegal Wildlife Trade, 34 Broad St, Oxford, OX1 3BD, UK;9. Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;10. Fauna & Flora International, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK;11. Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK;12. RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, SG19 2DL, UK;13. RSPB, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK;14. Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, 666303, P.R. China;15. Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China;16. University Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China;17. Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, SN2 1EU, UK;18. Environment Agency, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, UK;19. Microbial Ecology Centre, UMR1418 INRA, CNRS, University Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France;20. La Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité, 195 rue Saint Jacques, 75005 Paris, France;21. UK Research and Consultancy Services (RCS) Ltd, Valletts Cottage, Westhope, Hereford, HR4 8BU, UK;22. Natural Resources Wales, Cambria House, 29 Newport Road, Cardiff, CF24 0TP, UK;23. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Monkstone House, City Road, Peterborough, PE1 1UA, UK;24. British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, IP24 2PU, UK;25. British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK;26. Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent''s Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK;27. School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK;28. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa;29. Global Marine Team, The Nature Conservancy, Department of Physical, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Pian dei Mantellini, Siena 53100, Italy;30. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 14 Tothill Street, Westminster, London, SW1H 9NB, UK;1. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, 1450 Queen Avenue SW, Albany, OR 97321, USA;2. Center for Spatial Analytics and Geocomputation, College of Computing and Informatics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;3. U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, 1450 Queen Avenue SW, Albany, OR 97321, USA;4. Environmental Science and Management, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst St., Arcata, CA 95521, USA |
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| Abstract: | Six working groups were set up at the joint IUCN/SCAR Symposium on the scientific requirements for Antarctic conservation. These were charged with (i) identifying gaps in the scientific understanding of ecosystems that inhibit rational management, and (ii) considering whether present conservation practices were taking enough account of what is known of the region, particularly with regard to protected areas. There is still a need for synthesis and further work on stocks and the life history of krill in the pelagic ecosystem. Monitoring strategies are not clear and biomass determinations are difficult and costly. Information on squid is lacking. Although there is much information on higher consumers there is a gap in knowledge of dynamic ecological processes, particularly in winter. Studies of crabeater seals deserve priority. The network of existing protected areas is inadequate for preserving all species of birds, seals and whales; new criteria are needed for effective conservation. On land, the Agreed Measures provide an adequate framework for conservation, though additional steps are needed to ensure adherence to their provisions. Selection criteria are deficient. Additional measures are required; these include the establishment of Conservation Areas, general provision for the protection of biota, and a code of conduct for all activities. Exploitation of marine mammals (except the minke whale) has ceased. Monitoring whales presents difficulties. Fish stocks are significantly exploited and better monitoring is required. Prediction of trends in krill catches is difficult but there has been a large drop in krill fishing effort. Localised effects on predators could occur with catches of a few million metric tons. Commercial mineral exploitation in the Antarctic is a long way in the future but exploitation could result from political motives. There is a need for a data base for the design of investigations and impact assessment. Operational hazards need to be modelled in advance. It is important not to go too far too fast. Antarctica is unique in its control measures and their implementation. However, Specially Protected Areas lack management plans and management plans at Sites of Special Scientific Interest are not consistent. There are inadequate guidelines on the development of scientific stations. The coastal region must be regarded as critical habitat. A comprehensive conservation strategy is required with a broader network of protected areas giving full consideration to marine as well as terrestrial areas. Copies of the full working group reports have been deposited with IUCN and SCAR. |
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