Effect of combustion condition on cytotoxic and inflammatory activity of residential wood combustion particles |
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| Authors: | Pasi I. Jalava Raimo O. Salonen Kati Nuutinen Arto S. Pennanen Mikko S. Happo Jarkko Tissari Anna Frey Risto Hillamo Jorma Jokiniemi Maija-Riitta Hirvonen |
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| Affiliation: | 1. National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Department of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland;2. University of Kuopio, Department of Environmental Science, Kuopio, Finland;3. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Air Quality Research, Helsinki, Finland;4. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Fine Particles, Finland;1. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Box 567, Valdivia, Chile;2. Centro Transdisciplinario de Estudios Ambientales y Desarrollo Humano Sostenible, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile;3. INIBIOMA, CCT-Comahue, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina;1. Environmental Health Science Department, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA;2. Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru;3. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland;4. University of Basel, Switzerland;5. Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA;6. Asociacion del Aire Ambiental, Lima, Peru;1. University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;2. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, PO Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland;3. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Air Quality Research, PO Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland;1. University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;2. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland |
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| Abstract: | Residential heating is an important local source of fine particles and may cause significant exposure and health effects in populations. We investigated the cytotoxic and inflammatory activity of particulate emissions from normal (NC) and smouldering (SC) combustion in one masonry heater. The PM1–0.2 and PM0.2 samples were collected from the dilution tunnel with a high-volume cascade impactor (HVCI). Mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages were exposed to the PM-samples for 24 h. Inflammatory mediators, (IL-6, TNFα and MIP-2), and cytotoxicity (MTT-test), were measured. Furthermore, apoptosis and cell cycle of macrophages were analyzed. The HVCI particulate samples were characterized for ions, elements and PAH compounds. Assays of elemental and organic carbon were conducted from parallel low volume samples. All the samples displayed mostly dose-dependent inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. SC samples were more potent than NC samples at inducing cytotoxicity and MIP-2 production, while the order of potency was reversed in TNFα production. SC-PM1–0.2 sample was a significantly more potent inducer of apoptosis than the respective NC sample. After adjustment for the relative toxicity with emission factor (mg MJ?1), the SC-PM emissions had clearly higher inflammatory and cytotoxic potential than the NC-PM emissions. Thus, operational practice in batch burning of wood and the resultant combustion condition clearly affect the toxic potential of particulate emissions. |
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