Carbon dioxide fluxes over an urban park area |
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| Authors: | Klaus Kordowski Wilhelm Kuttler |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Viale Marconi 2, Porano (TR), Italy;2. Global Change Research Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czechia;3. Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;4. Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFOM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Cavour 4-6, Rende (CS), Italy;5. Department of Earth System Science and Environmental Technologies (DTA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, Roma, Italy;1. Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea;2. Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea;3. Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea;4. Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea;1. Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, RM, 00015, Italy;2. Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano, TR, 05010, Italy;1. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Soil Science Department, Moscow, Russia;2. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA;1. Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore;2. Boston University, Department of Earth and Environment, Boston, MA, USA;3. Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore;4. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA;5. Université de Toulouse: UPS, INP, EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie fonctionnelle et Environnement), ENSAT, Avenue de l''Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;6. CNRS, EcoLab, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France |
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| Abstract: | From September 2006 to October 2007 turbulent fluxes of carbon dioxide were measured at an urban tower station (26 m above ground level, z/zh = 1.73) in Essen, Germany, using the eddy covariance technique. The site was located at the border between a public park area (70 ha) in the south–west of the station and suburban/urban residential as well as light commercial areas in the north and east of the tower. Depending on the land-use two different sectors (park and urban) were identified showing distinct differences in the temporal evolution of the surface-atmosphere exchange of CO2. While urban fluxes appear to be governed by anthropogenic emissions from domestic heating and traffic (average flux 9.3 μmol m?2 s?1), the exchange of CO2 was steered by biological processes when the park contributed to the flux footprint. The diurnal course during the vegetation period exhibited negative daytime fluxes up to ?10 μmol m?2 s?1 on average in summer. Nevertheless, with a mean of 0.8 μmol m?2 s?1 park sector fluxes were slightly positive, thus no net carbon uptake by the surface occurred throughout the year.In order to sum the transport of CO2 a gap-filling procedure was performed by means of artificial neural network generalisation. Using additional meteorological inputs the daily exchange of CO2 was reproduced using radial basis function networks (RBF). The resulting yearly sum of 6031 g m?2 a?1 indicates the entire study site to be a considerable source of CO2. |
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