Discriminating the regional and urban contributions in the North-Western Mediterranean: PM levels and composition |
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| Authors: | Jorge Pey Xavier Querol Andrés Alastuey |
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| Institution: | 1. Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China;2. Key Laboratory of Cities'' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai (China Meteorological Administration), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China;3. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China;4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;1. Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;3. Center for Solid Waste Research (CSWR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;4. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;5. Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran;6. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;7. Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran |
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| Abstract: | Simultaneous measurements of the PM concentration levels and chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols at a regional background (RB) and an urban background (UB) site, located in the same geographic region, allowed for the determination of their urban and regional contributions. In the specific case of the North-Western region of the Mediterranean the RB amount has been quantified in 18, 13 and 12 μg m?3 for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, respectively, whereas the UB contribution reached 22, 13 and 8 μg m?3, respectively. The UB contributions in the Western Mediterranean are much higher than those observed in other European regions; especially concerning the coarse fraction. The high loads of road dust in the urban areas across the Mediterranean may account for these large differences.The urban contributions are extremely enriched in Ca, Fe, Sb, Sn, Cu, Zn, being the main tracers of the road dust, with concentrations up to 6–8 times higher than those at the RB. Elemental carbon and nitrate are mainly derived from direct vehicular emissions. Some industrial tracers (Mn, Pb, Bi) are also enriched in the urban area. The evaluation of the Cu/Sb, Cu/Zn, Cu/Cd and Cu/Pb ratios and the high enrichment of these trace elements versus the Upper Crustal Composition average values corroborates the importance of the road-traffic emissions in the study area, also influencing the RB.The supplementary results from a suburban site in the Balearic Islands and the evaluation of the V/Ni ratios evidence the strong signature of fuel-oil combustion processes, which is a general characteristic of the Mediterranean aerosols. |
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