Hydrocarbon emission fingerprints from contemporary vehicle/engine technologies with conventional and new fuels |
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| Authors: | Larisse Montero Matthew Duane Urbano Manfredi Covadonga Astorga Giorgio Martini Massimo Carriero Alois Krasenbrink BR Larsen |
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| Institution: | 1. European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Transport and Air Quality Unit, Via E. Fermi, 2749, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy;2. European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Chemical Assessment and Testing Unit, Via E. Fermi, 2749, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy;3. European Research Council Executive Agency, COV2 21/104, Rue de la Loi 200, BE-1049 Brussels, Belgium;1. Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA;2. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea;5. Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea;6. Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea;7. Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 712, Eonjuro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 135-720, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 220-701, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul 135-720, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Pharmacology, Brain Research Institute, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea;5. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA;6. Department of Molecular Imaging, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea;1. School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China;2. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi Province, China;3. Shanxi Climate Center, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi Province, China;1. Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou 510300, PR China;2. Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China |
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| Abstract: | The present paper presents results from the analysis of 29 individual C2–C9 hydrocarbons (HCs) specified in the European Commission Ozone Directive. The 29 HCs are measured in exhaust from common, contemporary vehicle/engine/fuel technologies for which very little or no data is available in the literature. The obtained HC emission fingerprints are compared with fingerprints deriving from technologies that are being phased out in Europe. Based on the total of 138 emission tests, thirteen type-specific fingerprints are extracted (Mean ± SD percentage contributions from individual HCs to the total mass of the 29 HCs), essential for receptor modelling source apportionment. The different types represent exhaust from Euro3 and Euro4 light-duty (LD) diesel and petrol-vehicles, Euro3 heavy-duty (HD) diesel exhaust, and exhaust from 2-stroke preEuro, Euro1 and Euro2 mopeds. The fuels comprise liquefied petroleum gas, petrol/ethanol blends (0–85% ethanol), and mineral diesel in various blends (0–100%) with fatty acid methyl esters, rapeseed methyl esters palm oil methyl esters, soybean oil methyl or sunflower oil methyl esters. Type-specific tracer compounds (markers) are identified for the various vehicle/engine/fuel technologies.An important finding is an insignificant effect on the HC fingerprints of varying the test driving cycle, indicating that combining HC fingerprints from different emission studies for receptor modelling purposes would be a robust approach.The obtained results are discussed in the context of atmospheric ozone formation and health implications from emissions (mg km?1 for LD and mopeds and mg kW h?1 for HD, all normalised to fuel consumption: mg dm?3 fuel) of the harmful HCs, benzene and 1,3-butadiene.Another important finding is a strong linear correlation of the regulated “total” hydrocarbon emissions (tot-HC) with the ozone formation potential of the 29 HCs (ΣPO3 = (1.66 ± 0.04) × tot-RH; r2 = 0.93). Tot-HC is routinely monitored in emission control laboratories, whereas C2–C9 are not. The revealed strong correlations broadens the usability of data from vehicle emission control laboratories and facilitates the comparison of the ozone formation potential of HCs in exhaust from of old and new vehicle/engine/fuel technologies. |
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