A global transport model of lead in the atmosphere |
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| Authors: | T Niisoe E Nakamura K Harada H Ishikawa T Hitomi T Watanabe Z Wang A Koizumi |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;2. Research Division of Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Disasters, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan;3. Miyagi University of Education, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan;4. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;1. Centro Tecnológico da Marinha de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;2. Centro de Pesquisas Geocronológicas, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, CEP:05508-080, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;3. Imperial College London, Earth Science and Engineering, London, SW7 2AZ, UK;4. Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5PD, UK;5. Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Física Aplicada, CEP 05315-970, São Paulo, Brazil;1. Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore;2. Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore;3. Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, 700019, India;4. Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India;1. Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan;2. Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Monobe-Otsu 200, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan;3. Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3212, Japan;1. Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom;2. Caltech Division of Geology and Planetary Sciences, MS 131-24, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;2. Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;3. National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China;4. China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China |
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| Abstract: | A global atmospheric transport model is used to calculate lead concentrations in the atmosphere. The model performance is evaluated through comparisons with observations in Europe. The model results of lead concentrations in surface air were compared with measurements in East Asia. The detailed comparisons showed generally good agreement for recent decades, although systematic underestimation was found in China. Anthropogenic lead emissions in China are estimated from economic statistics to be 56 000 t yr?1, which is not small considering the economic scale of China. The underestimations suggest a hidden source of lead emissions. The emissions in Japan and Korea are derived from optimization by the model. The magnitude is about 2000 t yr?1, which is much greater than that reported by the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register in Japan and Toxics Release Inventory in Korea. |
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