Seasonal and spatial trends in the sources of fine particle organic carbon in Israel,Jordan, and Palestine |
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| Authors: | Erika von Schneidemesser Jiabin Zhou Elizabeth A. Stone James J. Schauer Radwan Qasrawi Ziad Abdeen Jacob Shpund Arye Vanger Geula Sharf Tamar Moise Shmuel Brenner Khaled Nassar Rami Saleh Qusai M. Al-Mahasneh Jeremy A. Sarnat |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 N. Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, United States;2. School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, PR China;3. Al Quds University (AQU), East Jerusalem, Israel;4. Israel Union for Environmental Defense (IUED), Tel Aviv, Israel;5. Arava Institute for Environmental Studies (AIES), Hevel Eilot, Israel;6. Jordan Society for Sustainable Development (JSSD), Amman, Jordan;7. Environmental Health, Emory University, United States;1. Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel;2. Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel;3. NASA GSFC, Code 613, Greenbelt, MD, USA;4. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;5. University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA;6. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;1. Regional Centre for Environment and Health, Arpae Emilia-Romagna, Via Begarelli, 13, 41121, Modena, Italy;2. Regional Centre for Urban Areas, Arpae Emilia-Romagna, Via Rocchi, 19, 40138, Bologna, Italy;3. Provincial District of Ravenna, Arpae Emilia-Romagna, Via Alberoni, 17/19, 48121, Ravenna, Italy;4. Department of Science and HighTechnology, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy;5. Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom;1. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel;2. Clalit Health Services, Central District, Israel |
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| Abstract: | A study of carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) was conducted in the Middle East at sites in Israel, Jordan, and Palestine. The sources and seasonal variation of organic carbon, as well as the contribution to fine aerosol (PM2.5) mass, were determined. Of the 11 sites studied, Nablus had the highest contribution of organic carbon (OC), 29%, and elemental carbon (EC), 19%, to total PM2.5 mass. The lowest concentrations of PM2.5 mass, OC, and EC were measured at southern desert sites, located in Aqaba, Eilat, and Rachma. The OC contribution to PM2.5 mass at these sites ranged between 9.4% and 16%, with mean annual PM2.5 mass concentrations ranging from 21 to 25 ug m?3. These sites were also observed to have the highest OC to EC ratios (4.1–5.0), indicative of smaller contributions from primary combustion sources and/or a higher contribution of secondary organic aerosol. Biomass burning and vehicular emissions were found to be important sources of carbonaceous PM in this region at the non-southern desert sites, which together accounted for 30%–55% of the fine particle organic carbon at these sites. The fraction of measured OC unapportioned to primary sources (1.4 μgC m?3 to 4.9 μgC m?3; 30%–74%), which has been shown to be largely from secondary organic aerosol, is relatively constant at the sites examined in this study. This suggests that secondary organic aerosol is important in the Middle East during all seasons of the year. |
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