Measurements of nitrogen oxides from Hudson Bay: Implications for NOx release from snow and ice covered surfaces |
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| Authors: | SJ Moller JD Lee R Commane P Edwards DE Heard J Hopkins T Ingham AS Mahajan H Oetjen J Plane H Roscoe AC Lewis LJ Carpenter |
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| Institution: | 1. Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems, Seoul, South Korea;2. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea;3. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States;4. Department of Atmospheric Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea;1. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;2. College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China |
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| Abstract: | Measurements of NO and NO2 were made at a surface site (55.28 °N, 77.77 °W) near Kuujjuarapik, Canada during February and March 2008. NOx mixing ratios ranged from near zero to 350 pptv with emission from snow believed to be the dominant source. The amount of NOx was observed to be dependent on the terrain over which the airmass has passed before reaching the measurement site. The 24 h average NOx emission rates necessary to reproduce observations were calculated using a zero-dimensional box model giving rates ranging from 6.9 × 108 molecule cm?2 s?1 to 1.2 × 109 molecule cm?2 s?1 for trajectories over land and from 3.8 × 108 molecule cm?2 s?1 to 6.6 × 108 molecule cm?2 s?1 for trajectories over sea ice. These emissions are higher than those suggested by previous studies and indicate the importance of lower latitude snowpack emissions. The difference in emission rate for the two types of snow cover shows the importance of snow depth and underlying surface type for the emission potential of snow-covered areas. |
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