国内外土壤污染防治法律法规与技术规范概述及思考

完善的法律法规体系与相得益彰的技术规范是土壤质量保护与污染防治工作的基础与保障。借鉴国外先进的土壤污染防治技术与管理经验，对我国土壤污染风险防控和修复治理工作具有重要的指导意义。全面系统地阐述了发达国家与我国土壤污染防治法律法规及技术规范的特点，并总结国外先进经验，分析我国土壤污染防治存在的问题与挑战，对我国土壤污染防治工作提出对策与建议。我国虽然形成了以风险管控为核心，以“预防为主，防治结合”为原则，涵盖污染预防、调查监测、风险评估与管控、修复治理、开发再利用等多方面的法律法规体系，但各阶段的法律细节有待完善，且缺乏针对不同类型污染场地的专门立法，应加快健全我国土壤污染防治法律法规体系。此外，我国现行的土壤污染防治技术规范部分滞后或空白，已不能满足当前土壤环境管治的现实需要，需不断扩充和趋严。

Overview and consideration of laws and regulations and technical specifications for soil pollution prevention and control at home and abroad

A sound legal and regulatory system and its supporting technical norms are the basis and guarantee of soil quality protection and pollution prevention. Drawing on advanced soil pollution prevention technologies and management experience has important guiding significance for soil pollution prevention and control work in China. The characteristics of laws, regulations and technical norms of soil pollution prevention and control in developed countries and China were expounded comprehensively and systematically. The relevant foreign advanced experience was summarized. The problems and challenges of soil pollution prevention and control in China were analyzed, and some countermeasures and suggestions for soil pollution prevention and control in China were put forward. Although China had formed a relatively complete legal and regulatory system with soil risk management and control as the core and with the principle of "prevention first and combining with treatment", covering soil pollution prevention, investigation and monitoring, risk assessment and control, remediation and treatment, development and reuse, etc., the legal details at each stage still needed to be improved, and there is a lack of special legislation for different types of contaminated sites. Therefore, the improvement of relevant laws and regulations on soil pollution prevention and control should be speeded up. In addition, some of the current technical standards for soil pollution prevention and control in China were blank or lagging behind, which could no longer meet the practical needs of soil environmental management, and need to be expanded and tightened continuously.