资源、环境、生态的关系探讨及对自然资源管理的建议

资源、环境和生态是我国生态文明建设的三个关键词,也是地球系统科学的重要组成,但目前学术研究和政策制定上仍存在模棱两可的问题,给自然资源领域的科学发展和贯彻落实生态文明发展理念带来了潜在不利影响,明晰其各自概念边界具有重要理论价值和现实意义。本文在分析自然资源、自然环境和生态环境三者内涵的基础上,对比了国内外关注视角、问题和需求的差异,并根据各自特征属性尝试构建了三者关系及判别图解模型。主要结论为:(1)国内外对自然资源、自然环境和生态环境的关注视角、问题和需求存在显著差异,其关注视角分别为数量、质量和平衡状态,关注问题分别为枯竭、退化和破坏,而关注需求分别为节约、保护和恢复;(2)三个概念的相互关系可通过是否自然、是否有价值和是否生物相关三个属性进行判别,自然资源的本质为有价值的自然环境,与自然环境是包含与被包含的关系,生物相关的自然资源即是生态环境;(3)对自然资源管理提出了拓展调查研究内容、采用"资源环境"表述和对生态治理工程进行以生物多样性为重点的负面影响评价三方面的建议。

Discussion on the Relationship Among Natural Resources, Environment and Ecology and Suggestions for Natural Resources Management

The widely use of scattered coal for heating in northern rural areas in China has led to severe air pollution and greenhouse gases emissions. To solve these problems, Beijing started a clean heating program. Based on a comprehensive household survey covering 4000 households in rural Beijing, this paper conducted a systematic analysis on the effectiveness of clean heating program, and a comparative analysis on the cost-benefit of 3 clean heating measures including coal to electricity, coal to gas, clean coal replacement. The results showed that this program improved heating experience of enrolled households at the cost of increasing household heating cost, even after the subsidies; and it generated a positive net benefit from reducing the emissions of air pollution and greenhouse gases, in which coal to gas got the highest average benefit per household and clean coal replacement got the lowest cost per household. Based on the findings, short-term, middle-term and long-term policy recommendations were proposed.