黑龙江省森林景观的格局变化

运用地理信息系统分析软件ARC／INFO 8．01、ARCVIEW 3．2和基于ARC／INFO的FRAGSTATS 3．0软件，处理了1896年、1949年和1981年黑龙江省森林资源分布图，并用所得到的斑块总面积、平均斑块大小、斑块密度、斑块大小变异系数、平均斑块分数维和平均形状指数对黑龙江省森林景观格局变化和各个斑块类型的变化进行了研究．结果表明，从1896年到1981年黑龙江省森林景观的总面积急剧减少，斑块数量增多，斑块密度加大，平均斑块大小减少，斑块间的毗连程度减弱，但是斑块的形状逐渐趋于相对规则，斑块的边界趋于简单化，所有这些表明，森林景观逐渐趋于破碎化，其中以红松的破碎化最为严重．整个森林的景观多样性和景观类型分布的均匀性逐渐降低．造成这一变化的主要原因是人类的经济活动，另一原因是近一个世纪的气候变化及森林群落的自身演替，但是同人类的干扰作用相比，作用很微弱．图5表2参19

CHANGE OF FOREST LANDSCAPE PATTERN IN HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE

With the help of GIS tool of ARC/INFO, ARCVIEW and FRAGSTATS, the map of forest resource distribution was analyzed in Heilongjiang Province in 1896, 1949 and 1981. Using total area, mean patch size, patch density, patch size coefficient of variation, mean patch fractal dimension and mean shape index, the change of forest landscape pattern and different patch types in Heilongjiang Province were studied. As a result, the total area of forest landscape and mean patch size decreased sharply, the quantity and density of patches increased, the juxtaposition of patches weakened, the shape of patch tended to become regular, and the border of patch simplified. All these showed that the forest landscape tended to fragment gradually, in which the fragment of Korean pine forest was the severest. The diversity of whole forest landscape and the evenness of landscape types distribution reduced gradually. Mankinds economic activity, overshadowing climate change and forest community succession, becomes the leading factor accounting for such dramatic changes. Fig 5, Tab 2, Ref 19