全球可持续发展面临的挑战与对策

全球可持续发展涉及可持续经济、可持续环境和可持续社会三方面的协调统一,要求人类在发展中讲究经济效率、关注环境和谐与追求社会公平,最终达到人的全面发展。自1992年联合国环境与发展大会以来,国际社会积极推动实施《关于环境与发展的里约宣言》、《21世纪议程》和《可持续发展首脑会议执行计划》,各种形式的国际和区域环发合作深入开展,各个国家为促进可持续发展付出了巨大努力,在消除贫困和实现千年发展目标方面取得一些成绩。但是,全球在经济、环境和社会发展方面正在面临着越来越复杂的形势,全球可持续发展事业依然面临严峻的挑战。本文从经济、环境与社会三个方面,系统分析了全球可持续发展面临的挑战。分析表明:全球经济发展依然不平衡,不稳定性在加大,而且世界贫富差距明显,发达国家对发展中国家的官方援助不足;全球能源结构没有根本性改变,CO2排放不断增加,气候变化问题突出,而且一些国家生态环境问题较为严重;世界总人口数不断增加,各国就业水平难以提高,各国教育水平非常不均衡,而且欠发达国家人均医疗卫生支出水平低,居民健康状况堪忧。针对全球可持续发展面临的挑战,本文提出了相应的对策:①坚持"共同但有区别的责任"原则。可持续发展没有统一的模式,各国的发展阶段、条件和能力的不同必须予以正视;要区别发达国家和发展中国家的不同国情,要充分尊重发展中国家的发展权利;要为发展中国家向可持续发展转型提供技术、资金和能力建设方面的强有力支持。②加强各国政府在环境领域的交流与合作。不仅要重视全球性环境问题,而且更要优先考虑区域性环境问题,特别是发展中国家和最不发达国家面临的生态环境问题。③积极推动全球社会朝向均衡、普惠和共赢的方向发展。世界上所有国家都应有权以平等的身份参与全球治理过程以及不断改进和优化治理机制,而且全球治理结构应该向发展中国家倾斜;要积极消除贫困、减少不平等现象、使增长具有包容性、使生产和消费更可持续;要增强人们做出可持续选择的权利,特别是妇女、年轻人、失业者以及社会最弱势和最脆弱群体的权利等。

Challenges and Strategies for Global Sustainable Development

Global sustainable development is a coordinating and unifying concept including sustainable economy,sustainable environment and sustainable society,which requires human beings to pay attention to economic efficiency,to show concern for environmental harmony and pursue social equity during the development,and realize an ultimate comprehensive development for mankind.Since the United Nations Environment and Development Conference in 1992,the international community has been actively promoting and implementing,the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,Agenda 21 and Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development,various forms of international and regional environmental cooperation have developed thoroughly,great efforts have paid to promote sustainable development,and some success has achieved in eliminating poverty and realizing the Millennium Development Goals.However,global economic,environmental and social development is facing an increasingly complex situation,and global sustainable development is still facing severe challenges.From the three aspects of economy,environment and society,this paper systematically analyzes the challenges of global sustainable development.The results show that the unbalance of global economic development is aggravating,instability is rising and gaps between the rich and the poor is widening,while developed countries offer insufficient official aid to developing countries.World energy structure has not radically changed,and in the meantime,increasing carbon dioxide emissions makes the problem of global climate change more worrying,and the ecological environment problem in some countries is still serious.The world is facing a great number of problems such as the increasing population,the unimproved employment rate,and the uneven education level.Public health in the undeveloped countries is in poor condition,because the health expenditure per capita is very low.In view of the challenges of global sustainable development,this paper puts forward some corresponding countermeasures.① Adhere to the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities".Since there is no consistent pattern of sustainable development,we should face up to the differences in the development stages,conditions and capabilities of different countries;we should distinguish the national conditions of developed countries and developing countries and fully respect the right to develop of developing counties;and we should provide substantial support in technology,capital and capacity building.② We should strengthen the communication and cooperation in the field of environment among different national governments,not only focusing on the global environmental problems but also giving priority to the regional environmental issues,especially the ecological problems in developing countries and least developed countries.③ We should actively promote the global community towards the direction of balance,general preference and all-win.All countries in the world should have the right to participate in the process of global governance equally and improve and optimize the governance mechanism continuously,and the structure of global governance should be inclined to developing countries;we should actively eliminate poverty and inequality to make the growth more inclusive,and the production and consumption more sustainable;we should enhance the right of people to make sustainable choices,especially the rights of women,the young,the unemployed,the most disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and so on.