Simulated Limnological Effects of the Shasta Lake Temperature Control Device |
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Authors: | J BARTHOLOW R B HANNA L SAITO D LIEBERMAN M HORN |
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Institution: | (1) US Geological Survey, Midcontinent Ecological Science Center, 4512 McMurry Ave., Fort Collins, Colorado 80525-3400, USA, US;(2) Johnson Controls World Services, 4512 McMurry Ave., Fort Collins, Colorado 80525-3400, USA, US;(3) Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA, US;(4) US Bureau of Reclamation, Box 25007, Denver, Colorado 80225, USA, US |
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Abstract: | We estimated the effects of a temperature control device (TCD) on a suite of thermodynamic and limnological attributes for
a large storage reservoir, Shasta Lake, in northern California. Shasta Dam was constructed in 1945 with a fixed-elevation
penstock. The TCD was installed in 1997 to improve downstream temperatures for endangered salmonids by releasing epilimnetic
waters in the winter/spring and hypolimnetic waters in the summer/fall. We calibrated a two-dimensional hydrodynamic reservoir
water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2, and applied a structured design-of-experiment simulation procedure to predict the principal
limnological effects of the TCD under a variety of environmental scenarios. Calibration goodness-of-fit ranged from good to
poor depending on the constituent simulated, with an R
2 of 0.9 for water temperature but 0.3 for phytoplankton. Although the chemical and thermal characteristics of the discharge
changed markedly, the reservoir's characteristics remained relatively unchanged. Simulations showed the TCD causing an earlier
onset and shorter duration of summer stratification, but no dramatic affect on Shasta's nutrient composition. Peak in-reservoir
phytoplankton production may begin earlier and be stronger in the fall with the TCD, while outfall phytoplankton concentrations
may be much greater in the spring. Many model predictions differed from our a priori expectations that had been shaped by an intensive, but limited-duration, data collection effort. Hydrologic and meteorological
variables, most notably reservoir carryover storage at the beginning of the calendar year, influenced model predictions much
more strongly than the TCD. Model results indicate that greater control over reservoir limnology and release quality may be
gained by carefully managing reservoir volume through the year than with the TCD alone. RID=" ID=" Author to whom correspondence
should be addressed. e-mail: John_Bartholow@USGS.gov |
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Keywords: | : Shasta Lake Temperature control device Selective withdrawal Reservoir water quality simulation CE-QUAL-W2 Design of experiment |
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