水管理:理论及手段

论文讨论水管理的理论基础及管理手段,并提出管理手段的评价准则。水管理是由水循环和水的开发利用特性所决定的。水资源管理的目的是为了避免“公共地悲剧”,水服务管制是为了公共利益和管制自然垄断,水环境管制是因为外部性。水管理的手段,一般可分为两类:外部进入限制和内部激励机制。对于成功的水管理,这两者缺一不可。对于水管理手段的评价,应采用效果、效率、公正和适应性4个指标。

Water Management: Theory and Method

Management of water arises from the water cycle and water development & use. The interactions between water cycle and water development & use define the three management areas in water:resources management,service regulation and environment management.The resources management aims to avoid the "tragedy of the commons" in water resources;the service regulation is for the public benefits and control of natural monopoly; the environment manage-ment is to overcome the externality.In managing water,two types of instruments are employed:the entry restrictions and economic incentives.While assessing the application of these management tools, effectiveness, efficiency,justice and adaptability are four criteria.