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Amphibians and agricultural chemicals: Review of the risks in a complex environment |
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| Authors: | Reinier M. Mann Ross V. Hyne Catherine B. Choung Scott. P. Wilson |
| Affiliation: | a Centre for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Technology - Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia b Ecotoxicology and Environmental Contaminants Section, Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales, PO Box 29, Lidcombe, NSW 1825, Australia c Department of Biological Sciences and Physical Geography, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia d Centre for Environmental Management, Central Queensland University, PO Box 1319, Gladstone, QLD 4680, Australia |
| Abstract: | Agricultural landscapes, although often highly altered in nature, provide habitat for many species of amphibian. However, the persistence and health of amphibian populations are likely to be compromised by the escalating use of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals. This review examines some of the issues relating to exposure of amphibian populations to these chemicals and places emphasis on mechanisms of toxicity. Several mechanisms are highlighted, including those that may disrupt thyroid activity, retinoid pathways, and sexual differentiation. Special emphasis is also placed on the various interactions that may occur between different agro-chemicals and between chemicals and other environmental factors. We also examine the indirect effects on amphibian populations that occur when their surrounding pond communities are altered by chemicals. |
| Keywords: | Pesticides Frog population changes Amphibian development Tadpoles Fertilizers Immuno-suppression Endocrine disruption |
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