改性酒糟生物炭对紫色土壤镉形态及水稻吸收镉的影响

生物炭及改性生物炭已被广泛应用于重金属污染农田土壤修复领域.为探寻经济有效的镉（Cd）污染酸性紫色土壤修复改良材料,将酒糟制成酒糟生物炭（DGBC）,并用纳米二氧化钛（Nano-TiO₂）对其改性,制得两种改性酒糟生物炭TiO₂/DGBC和Fe-TiO₂/DGBC,采用水稻盆栽试验研究不同生物炭和不同施用量（1%、3%、5%）处理对土壤理化性质、养分含量、Cd赋存形态与生物有效性、水稻生长与Cd富集的影响.结果表明：①施用DGBC显著提高了酸性紫色土pH、CEC和养分含量,且TiO₂/DGBC和Fe-TiO₂/DGBC效果更好.②DGBC和改性DGBC使土壤Cd形态由可溶态向难溶态转变,残渣态Cd相较对照增加了1.22%~18.46%.土壤Cd生物有效性显著降低,DGBC、TiO₂/DGBC和Fe-TiO₂/DGBC分别使有效态Cd降低11.81%~23.67%、7.64%~43.85%和19.75%~55.82%.③施用DGBC和改性DGBC提高了水稻产量,DGBC、TiO₂/DGBC和Fe-TiO₂/DGBC在3%添加量时水稻产量最高,分别为30.60、37.85和39.10 g·pot^-1,是对照的1.13、1.40和1.44倍.水稻各部位Cd含量显著降低,施用3种生物炭时水稻籽粒ω（Cd）分别为0.24~0.30、0.16~0.26和0.14~0.24 mg·kg^-1,TiO₂/DGBC在5%、Fe-TiO₂/DGBC在3%和5%添加量时,水稻籽粒ω（Cd）低于0.2 mg·kg^-1,符合国家食品中污染物限量标准（GB 2762-2022）.总体来看,Nano-TiO₂改性DGBC通过自身的吸附作用和影响土壤Cd形态分布有效降低了土壤Cd生物有效性,从而降低了水稻对Cd的吸收,同时促进了水稻生长,提高水稻产量.是一种具有潜在应用前景的Cd污染土壤修复改良材料.研究结果可以为Cd污染酸性紫色土农田修复和农业安全生产提供科学依据.

Effects of Modified Distillers'' Grains Biochar on Cadmium Forms in Purple Soil and Cadmium Uptake by Rice

Biochar and modified biochar have been widely used as remediation materials in heavy metal-contaminated agricultural soils. In order to explore economical and effective materials for the remediation of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated acidic purple soil, distillers ''grains were converted into distillers'' grains biochar (DGBC) and modified using nano-titanium dioxide (Nano-TiO₂) to produce two types of modified DGBCs:TiO₂/DGBC and Fe-TiO₂/DGBC. A rice pot experiment was used to investigate the effects of different biochar types and application rates (1%, 3%, and 5%) on soil properties, nutrient content, Cd bioavailability, Cd forms, rice growth, and Cd accumulation. The results showed that:① DGBC application significantly increased soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and nutrient content, with TiO₂/DGBC and Fe-TiO₂/DGBC exhibiting better effects. ② DGBC and modified DGBCs transformed Cd from soluble to insoluble forms, increasing residual Cd by 1.22% to 18.46% compared to that in the control. Cd bioavailability in soil decreased significantly, with available cadmium being reduced by 11.81% to 23.67% for DGBC, 7.64% to 43.85% for TiO₂/DGBC, and 19.75% to 55.82% for Fe-TiO₂/DGBC. ③ DGBC and modified DGBCs increased rice grain yield, with the highest yields observed at a 3% application rate:30.60 g·pot^-1 for DGBC, 37.85 g·pot^-1 for TiO₂/DGBC, and 39.10 g·pot^-1 for Fe-TiO₂/DGBC, representing 1.13, 1.40, and 1.44 times the control yield, respectively. Cd content in rice was significantly reduced, with grain Cd content ranging from 0.24 to 0.30 mg·kg^-1 for DGBC, 0.16 to 0.26 mg·kg^-1 for TiO₂/DGBC, and 0.14 to 0.24 mg·kg^-1 for Fe-TiO₂/DGBC. Notably, Cd content in rice grains fell below the food safety limit of 0.2 mg·kg^-1 (GB2762-2022) at 5% for TiO₂/DGBC and 3% and 5% for Fe-TiO₂/DGBC. In conclusion, Nano-TiO₂ modified DGBC effectively reduced the bioavailability of soil Cd through its own adsorption and influence on soil Cd forms distribution, thus reducing the absorption of Cd by rice and simultaneously promoting rice growth and improving rice yield. It is a type of Cd-contaminated soil remediation material with a potential application prospect. The results can provide scientific basis for farmland restoration and agricultural safety production of Cd-contaminated acidic purple soil.