自然保护地的文化景观价值演变与识别—以泰山为例

中国的自然保护地具有生态和文化双重价值,文化景观作为自然与文化的交界面,如何识别其价值对中国自然保护地的管理至关重要。以泰山为例,通过古籍文献和实地勘察等方法,从历时性角度对泰山的文化景观价值演变进行剖析。研究发现,泰山文化景观价值经历了山岳崇拜的自然价值、君权神授的政治价值、佛道信仰的宗教价值、祭祀游居的民俗价值及保护利用的综合价值五个阶段。结论认为：自然保护地文化景观价值的演变具有一定的规律性：名山自然保护地的文化景观价值演变是从自然到文化再到综合、从御到民、从单一到多元、从分离到融合的过程;自然保护地文化景观价值的构成要素包括思想基础、环境条件、行为方式及空间结果四部分,具有鲜明的完整性、系统性和动态性特征。文章还对自然保护地文化景观价值的识别策略进行了讨论,为相应类型的国家公园和其他类型自然保护地建设提供参考。

The evolution and identification of cultural landscape value in protected areas: A case of Mount Tai

Chinese protected areas have double values of ecology and culture. Since cultural landscape is the interface of nature and culture, its value identification would be the important basis for protected area management. This study, taking Mount Tai as a case, using the methods of textual criticism and field investigation with locations of 191 buildings from 3 areas and the scope of the city, analyzes cultural landscape value evolution of Mount Tai from the diachronic perspective. The study found that the process of cultural landscape value evolution within Mount Tai can be divided into five main stages, which are the natural value as Mountain Worship, the political value as divine right monarchy, the religious value as Buddhist and Taoist beliefs, the folk custom value as pilgrimage, sightseeing and dwelling, and the last stage is the comprehensive value as conservation and wise use. This study reveals cultural landscape value evolution rules of Chinese Protected Area. Firstly, the value phases of cultural landscape within famous mountain protected area are changing from natural to cultural to comprehensive, from the emperor to the public, from single to comprehensive, and from separation to integration. Secondly, the form of symbiotic relationship between nature and culture is a continual process where the people and the nature function were together with each other, which was influenced by a range of factors, such as historical period, social culture, and natural esthetics. On the whole, the cultural landscape value in protected area includes four elements, namely, ideas, conditions, behaviors and results in space, and therefore, it has the characteristics of integrity, systematicness and dynamics. At the end of this study, the strategies of cultural landscape value identification in protected area are discussed. The identification strategies should follow the basic principles of overall continuity, authenticity and integrity. The main measures are clarifying the formation and evolution, building the complete value index system and setting up a scientific landscape character assessment. Scientific analysis and identification of cultural landscape value within Chinese protected areas could provide references to the corresponding type of National Park and other protected areas construction.