美国国家公园路百年发展历程及借鉴

国家公园路是美国国家公园的重要组成部分,道路与国家公园融为一体,是国家公园的特色和品牌形象。国家公园路不仅是国家公园的重要交通方式,其本身就是旅游吸引物和旅游目的地。对于游客来说,在国家公园路上行驶就是游览国家公园。国家公园路的发展体现了道路工程与美学、哲学、游憩、生态等多学科的融合,促进了道路从单一交通功能向游憩、景观、文化和保护等复合功能转变,突出地展示了绚丽的景观和充满想象的工程线形,也展示了在保护无价的自然和文化资源的同时如何提供多元化的游憩机会,以实现环境保护与游客公众之间的平衡。本文从相关概念、发展背景、建设理念、发展举措、管理体制、资金资助、建设实践等方面,对百余年来美国国家公园路的发展历程进行了深入解析,对发展经验启示进行总结,以期从本质上去把握国家公园路发展规律,并由此提出了中国国家公园路发展之借鉴。这些研究对于蓬勃发展的中国国家公园、国家公园路,以及旅游风景道及旅游公路来说,都具有十分重要的理论价值与实践意义。

Review and enlightenment of the centennial history of American national park roads and parkways

National park roads and parkways is an important part of national parks in the United States. The road is integrated with national parks, which is the characteristics and brand image of national parks. National park roads and parkways is not only an important means of transportation in national parks, but also a tourist attraction and destination. For tourists, driving on the national park roads and parkways means visiting the national parks. The development of national park roads and parkways embodies the integration of road engineering and aesthetics, philosophy, recreation, ecology and other disciplines, promotes the transformation of road from a single traffic function to a complex function of recreation, landscape, culture and protection, highlights the gorgeous landscape and imaginative engineering alignment, and also shows how to provide diversified recreational opportunities in protecting priceless natural and cultural resources to achieve a balance between environmental protection and public tourists. This paper makes a thorough analysis of the development process of American national park roads and parkways in the past hundred years from the aspects of concepts, development background, construction idea, development measures, management system, financial support and construction practice, and summarizes the development experience and enlightenment. The conclusion is to grasp the law of national park roads and parkways development in essence. From this point of view, the paper puts forward some suggestions for the development of China's national park roads and parkways. These studies are of great theoretical value and practical significance to the flourishing development of China's national parks, national park roads and parkways, tourist scenic byways and tourist highways.