极端暴雨下不可移动文物脆弱性分析∗——以河南“7·20”暴雨为例

暴雨灾害往往会对不可移动文物造成极大破坏,对灾后文物的损毁情况进行分析研究,可为不可移动文物的预防性保护工作提供重要参考。通过对2021 年河南“7.20”暴雨中188 处不可移动文物灾后调查资料的整理统计,分析了受灾文物损毁情况的差异性特征,归纳不可移动文物在暴雨灾害中的损毁形式表现为暴雨冲刷、积水浸泡造成的缓慢侵蚀破坏和洪水冲击、泥石流破坏造成的急剧动力破坏形式。另外,选取过程降雨量来表征暴雨灾害的危险性强度,构建了基于Lognormal 概率分布函数的受灾文物损失状态脆弱性曲线模型,分别从结构材料、建筑规模、保存状态三方面综合分析不可移动文物的脆弱性特征。研究结果表明,砖土结构文物相比于砖木、砖石结构文物的脆弱性更强,当降雨量超过100 mm 时有较高概率发生严重破坏,砖木、砖石结构文物在降雨量超过340 mm时有较高概率发生严重破坏;建筑面积在100 m2以下文物的脆弱性最高,极端暴雨灾害更容易对其造成严重破坏;相同降雨量下保存状态越差,文物脆弱性越强,其中保存状态较差的文物在极低降雨量（≤25 mm）有较高概率发生严重破坏。

Analysis of Vulnerability of Immovable Cultural Relics in Extreme Rainstorm——Taking the " 7.20 " Rainstorm in Henan as An Example

Extreme rainstorms often cause great damage to immovable cultural relics. Analysis on thepost-disaster damage can provide crucial insights for effective preventive measures. Through compil-ing post-disaster survey data from 188 immovable cultural relics affected by the "7·20" rainstorm inHenan Province in 2021, different characteristics of damage were analyzed. Damage types were cate-gorized into: slow erosion and deterioration caused by rainstorm runoff and water immersion, as wellas sudden destruction due to flood impact and debris flow. In addition, accumulated rainfall was usedto characterize the hazard intensity of rainstorm disasters, and a vulnerability curve model based onLognormal probability distribution function was constructed. The vulnerability characteristics of immovable cultural relics were comprehensively analyzed, considering structural materials, buildingscale, and preservation state. The results showed that brick-soil structure relics were more vulnerablethan brick-wood and brick-stone structures, with a higher probability of serious damage when rainfallexceeded 100 mm. Brick-wood and brick-stone structure relics had a higher probability of serious dam -age when rainfall exceeded 340 mm. Cultural relics with construction areas under 100 m2 were particu-larly vulnerable, experiencing severe damage during extreme rainstorms. Cultural relics in poor preser-vation states were more vulnerable and had a higher probability of serious damage even at very lowrainfall intensity (less than 25 mm).