乘用车内空气质量健康风险评估

为研究我国乘用车内空气的污染现状,采用二次热解析-毛细管气相色谱/质谱联用及高效液相色谱法,测定了16个品牌的市售新车车内空气中BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯)、苯乙烯、甲醛、乙醛和丙烯醛等8种污染物质量浓度,并对其健康风险进行了评估. 结果表明:8种污染物的质量浓度除乙醛外均低于GB/T 27630—2011《乘用车内空气质量评价指南》中的标准限值,ρ(苯)、ρ(甲苯)、ρ(乙苯)、ρ(二甲苯)、ρ(苯乙烯)、ρ(甲醛)、ρ(乙醛)和ρ(丙烯醛)范围分别为3.00～73.00、69.00～798.00、18.00～469.75、46.00～1 296.42、12.00～46.00、19.00～72.00、43.29～323.00和5.20～7.60 μg/m3. 致癌物质苯、甲醛和甲苯的质量浓度最高值分别为GB/T 27630—2011各自标准限值的66.36%、72.00%和72.55%；二甲苯质量浓度点离散程度较小,分布集中,其平均值为GB/T 27630—2011标准限值(1 500 μg/m3)的11.86%；ρ(乙苯)最大值为其标准限值的1/3左右；而ρ(苯乙烯)和ρ(丙烯醛)远低于各自标准限值. ρ(苯)和ρ(甲醛)对驾乘人员的健康均可能造成致癌风险. 对于男性职业司机,苯和甲醛平均浓度的致癌风险分别为US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)规定的致癌风险基准值(1×10-6)的18.86和60.67倍,而二者对女性职业司机的致癌风险仅比男性降低了12.53%；对于男性普通驾乘人员,苯和甲醛平均浓度的致癌风险分别为基准值的2.83和9.10倍,女性略低于男性. 二甲苯平均浓度的非致癌风险是US EPA规定的基准HI(非致癌风险指数,取1)的1.78倍. 研究表明,为降低车内空气中有害物质对车内乘员的健康危害,需要采用环保的内饰材料,改善车内空气质量. 

Health Risk Assessment of Indoor Air Quality in Passenger Cars

In order to understand the current situation of air pollution in passenger cars in China, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene), styrene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein in the cabins of 35 new cars from 16 various brands were quantified using thermal desorption-capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The health risks of the toxic materials at the measured concentrations were further evaluated. The results showed that, except for acetaldehyde, the other pollutants were all below the limit values recommended by GB/T 27630-2011 Guideline for Air Quality Assessment of Passenger Car; the concentration ranges were 3.00-73.00,9.00-798.00,8.00-469.75,6.00-1 296.42,2.00-46.00,9.00-72.00,3.29-323.00 and 5.20-7.60 μg/m3, respectively. The maximum concentrations of benzene, toluene and formaldehyde identified were only 66.63%, 72.00% and 72.55% the limit values. Only a small deviation of the measured xylene concentrations was discovered from sample to sample. The crew-averaged concentration of xylene was only 11.86% of the limit value. The maximum concentration of ethylbenzene was 1/3 its limit value, while the concentrations of styrene and acrolein were far below the regulatory caps. Both the measured concentrations of benzene and formaldehyde might have carcinogenic impacts on people exposed in such an environment. For vocational male drivers, the cancer-related risk induced by benzene and formaldehyde exposure in new cars was 18.86 and 60.67 times the baseline suggested by the US EPA. Compared to male drivers, only a reduction of 12.53% in cancer-related risk was found for female drivers. For a typical male driver, staying in a new car may result in 183% and 810% elevated cancer-related risk due to benzene and formaldehyde exposure, respectively. The risk for female drivers was slightly lower than that for male drivers. The non-cancer risk of xylene at the measured concentrations indoors was 78% higher than the US EPA baseline. Therefore, it is necessary to use more environmental-friendly interior materials to reduce the level of toxic substances and improve vehicle indoor air quality, providing a safer environment for drivers and passengers.