黄河济南段水资源特点与可持续利用对策

黄河济南段多年平均来水量359×10⁸m³,来水年际、年内变化大,最大年径流量是最小年径流量的21.8倍,且主要集中在汛期的7～10月份,占多年平均值的60.7%。近年来黄河济南段径流量逐年下降,断流日益加剧,1997年泺口站全年断流132天。与此同时,济南黄河水含沙量高,多年平均含沙量24.9kg/m³,且呈逐年上升之势。近年因上游来水量减小,用水量增加,水资源浪费严重,水质存在一定污染,引黄工程能力不足,水资源缺乏持续利用的调度和管理,极大地影响了济南黄河水的可持续利用。黄河济南段水资源可持续利用的主要对策有:以可持续发展战略为原则,统筹规划、统一管理、集中调度;充分发挥水利工程的枢纽作用,保证生态用水;地表水地下水联合运用;建立节水型生产体系和社会,提高水资源的有效利用率;合理调整水价,促进节水意识的增强和节水措施的落实;淤背加固黄河干堤,植树治沙防汛凌,实现黄河济南段区域可持续发展。

The characters of water resources and countermeasures of sustainable utilization in Jinan section of the Yellow River

The 185.1 km long section of the Yellow River locating in Jinan City covers a drainage area of 2,778 km2. Both interannual and intra annual water discharge of the Yellow River in Jinan varies greatly.The maximum quantity of runoff is 21.8 times as the minimum one.The runoff concentrates in flood season during the months of July to October,representing 60.7% of the annual value averaged on many years.In recent years,the runoff quantity of the Yellow River in Jinan shows a decreasing tendency year by year and the state of breaching of has been intensified.In 1997,the Yellow River ran dry for 132 days at the Luokou hydrological station.At the same time,the sediment content of the Yellow River in Jinan is high,averaging 24.9 kg/ m3 over years,showing an increasing trend.In recent years the quantity of water from the upper reaches has been decreased and the water using quantity has been increased.The water resources have been seriously wasted.The water has been polluted to some degrees.The regular capacity of reservoir is low,the water resources have not been dispatched and administered in a sustainable way.All these mentioned above have hindered sustained utilization of the Yellow River in Jinan section.The article,based on the analysis of existing status of water resources and the main problems in resources exploitation and utilization,on the prediction of water delivery and water demand,addresses the main countermeasures to the sustained utilization of the Yellow River water resources in Jinan section.(a)Taking sustained strategy as a principle,making overall planning and administering as a whole and making centralized dispatch.(b)Extending the present reservoirs and building new ones.Making full use of these water conservancy projects to ensure the water used in ecology.(c)Combined utilization of surface water and groundwater resources.(d)Building a water saving production system and society,improving effective utilization rate of water resources.(e)Adjusting price of water according to economic leverage.Promoting water saving awaveness and implementing water saving measures.(f)Reinforcing the dikes of the Yellow River and planting trees to control sand and prevent flood and ice dam,for the sake of achieving regional sustainable development of the Yellow River in Jinan section.