炼油企业挥发性有机物无组织排放通量监测现状与发展

炼油企业是重要的挥发性有机物(VOCs)人为排放源,排放的VOCs主要来自无组织源,监控及排放核算困难。笔者总结了国内外炼油企业VOCs排放通量监控及核算技术体系,综述了各类VOCs无组织排放通量监测技术的原理及适用范围,着重评述了工业场地VOCs无组织排放通量监测最佳实用技术--红外掩日通量监测(SOF)和差分吸收激光雷达(DIAL)及其在炼油企业的应用进展。总体上,SOF仪器及监测费用适中,但易受阳光等天气条件限制;DIAL几乎可全天候监测,但仪器及监测费用较高。SOF和DIAL监测的欧美炼油企业VOCs排放系数一般为0. 02%~0. 10%,约为排放清单值的3~10倍。国内炼油厂VOCs排放核算采用的排放系数约为美国排放清单值(0. 01%~0. 02%)的10倍,尚待实测校验和修订。VOCs无组织排放通量监测技术也可用于检查或评估炼油企业泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)等VOCs无组织排放控制效果。

Current and Future Developments in Fugitive Volatile Organic Compounds Emission Flux Monitoring in Petroleum Refining Industry

Petroleum refining industry is a main anthropogenic emission source of volatile organic compounds(VOCs).Most of the VOCs emissions from a refinery correspond to diffuse and fugitive emissions,which are rather difficult to monitor,control and estimate.This paper summarized the technical system of VOCs emission flux monitoring,control and estimation for petroleum refining industry in the US,Europe and China.Various VOCs emission flux monitoring techniques were reviewed with respect to the principle and application scopes.As the best available techniques of fugitive VOCs emission flux measurement of industrial sites,solar occultation flux(SOF)and differential absorption light detection and ranging(DIAL)were highlighted for application progress in petroleum refining industry.In summary,SOF monitoring is reasonable in instrument and operating costs,however only works in sunny days.DIAL could provide measurements also under cloudy conditions and for nighttime measurement applications,but it is very expensive in instrument and measurement.The typical VOCs emission factors measured in refineries of the US and Europe using both of SOF and DIAL ranged from 0.02%to 0.10%,which could be 3 to 10 times higher than the reported inventories.The VOCs emission factors used in VOCs emission inventory of refineries in China are around 10 times the reported inventories of the US(0.01%-0.02%),which should be validated and revised based on the actual measurements.Fugitive VOCs emission flux monitoring technology could also be used to inspect or evaluate the effectiveness of fugitive VOCs emissions control such as leak detection and repair program(LDAR)in refineries.