水环境中药物污染及迁移转化行为研究进展

药物在人体健康和畜牧业生产中起到了积极的作用。但是未被完全吸收、利用的药物或其代谢物将通过尿液、粪便排泄等途径进入水体,而污水处理厂现有处理技术对其不能有效地去除。虽然药物在水体中的半衰期较短,但是其大量、频繁的使用,仍有可能形成"假性持久性"污染。近年来,在地表水、地下水、饮用水、污泥、土壤、水生物体内等环境介质中都报道有检测到不同浓度水平的药物,其对生态环境和人类健康的影响已引起国际社会广泛关注。欧美一些国家对水环境中药物做了较深入的研究,而我国相关研究报道较少。文章对水环境中药物的来源、污染现状及迁移转化行为等研究进展作了综合分析和讨论,为我国开展相关研究及建立水环境中药物污染的生态风险评价提供参考。

Review on Pollution and Transfer-transformation Behaviors of Pharmaceuticals in Aquatic Environment

Pharmaceuticals have been playing an important role in human's health and stockbreeding for decades. However, incompletely absorbed pharmaceuticals will find their way into wastewater in original structure or metabolites, and ineffective operations of wastewater treatment plant make their widespread appearance in water environment possible. Pharmaceuticals become the kind of persistent pollutants in aquatic environment since they have been widely and continually used in daily life although their half-lives are short. In recent years, pharmaceuticals were identified in different environmental media including surface water, ground water, drinking water, sludge, soil and aquatic organisms. It has been increasingly concerned of their effect on ecological environment and human's health in the world. Current study trends in terms of source, occurrence and transfer-transformation behaviors of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment were reviewed, which will provide an important basis for developing relative research in China as well as establishing ecological risk assessment of pharmaceutical in aquatic environment.