危险废物城市环境风险评估方法及案例研究

在不同经济社会发展情况下，危险废物的风险源危险性和风险受体脆弱性存在很大差异。因此，城市对危险废物采取的风险防控和应急措施应该因城市而异。然而，目前我国大部分城市对危险废物的管理仍然是全过程从严管理，并未建立基于风险评估的环境管理体系。本研究以城市为边界，从危险废物的风险源危险性、风险受体脆弱性和风险防控与应急能力3个维度构建评估指标体系，然后在层次分析法的基础上，采用等比例分配法对指标进行赋权，并运用线性加权法合成经过正向化处理的指标评分值，从而得出危险废物城市环境风险评估结果。通过计算3个维度评分值的耦合度，可以确定风险防控与应急能力维度与风险源危险性维度和风险受体脆弱性维度的匹配程度。运用该方法对深圳市开展案例研究，结果表明，深圳市在“无废城市”建设试点期间，主要通过提升风险防控与应急能力，将危险废物城市环境风险值降低了20.7%；并且风险防控与应急能力维度与风险源危险性维度和风险受体脆弱性维度的匹配度较高，属于高风险高能力城市。因此，建议深圳市在下一步工作中，继续完善涉危险废物项目环境准入审查，严格评估危险废物再利用安全，不断加强信息化手段在环境监管中的应用，避免涉危险废物突发环境事件的发生，全面降低危险废物对城市造成的环境风险。

Environmental risk assessment method and case study for hazardous waste within the city

Differences in economic and social development among cities result in significant variations in source risk and receptor vulnerability of hazardous waste. Consequently, the measures for risk prevention and emergency management implemented by cities should be tailored to their specific circumstances, either strict or lenient. However, most cities in China adopt strict management practices for hazardous waste throughout the entire process, without establishing an environmental management system based on risk assessment. This study focuses on the city as the boundary and constructs an indicator system based on three dimensions of hazardous waste: source risk, receptor vulnerability, and the capacity for risk prevention and emergency response. The Analytic Hierarchy Process is employed to assign weights to the indicators along with the proportional distribution method. Subsequently, the linear weighting method is utilized to synthesize the indicator scores after appropriate normalization, resulting in an environmental risk assessment for hazardous waste within a city. By calculating the degree of coupling, the matching level between the capacity for risk prevention and emergency response and the source risk and receptor vulnerability becomes apparent. Using this methodology, a case study was conducted on Shenzhen. The results indicate: During the “Zero Waste City” pilot period, Shenzhen managed to reduce the environmental risk value of hazardous waste by 20.7%, primarily through enhancing the capacity for risk prevention and emergency response; and Shenzhen exhibits a high level of alignment among the three dimensions, categorizing it as a high-risk and high-capacity city. Based on the findings, it is recommended that, in the next steps, Shenzhen should continue to improve the environmental access review for projects, rigorously evaluate the safety of hazardous waste recycling, continuously strengthen the application of information technology in environmental regulation, and prevent the occurrence of sudden environmental incidents involving hazardous waste, so as to comprehensively reduce the environmental risks posed by hazardous waste to the city.