不同气候类型下植物物候的影响因素综述

植物物候对气候变化非常敏感,可作为环境变化对植物生理活动影响的指示。植物物候的变化不仅可反映和预测全球环境的变化,还对地球物质循环和能量流动过程有着重要的影响。因此,结合植物生长背景,全面分析植物物候影响因素,探究植物物候对气候变化的响应是十分必要的。本文基于不同的气候类型下植物物候的研究,介绍了不同气候类型本身存在的气象、地域差异,总结不同气候类型下植物物候地域性特征;总结了热带亚热带气候、温带气候、寒带气候、高原山地气候4大类气候类型下植物物候变化及影响因素;讨论了当前物候研究的主要问题,并对未来研究进行了展望。综述表明,植物物候响应随气候类型呈现出不一致性,不同气候类型下影响植物物候的关键因素也不同。植物物候研究需结合植物生长环境,综合讨论相关影响因素。

A review of the influence factors of plant phenology under different climate types

Background, aim, and scope The phenology of plants is sensitive to climate changes and is an indicator of several effects caused by environmental change. Variations in plants phenology not only reflect the evolution of the global environment, but also have important impacts on the earth material cycle and energy flow process. Previous studies have highlighted the inconsistency in the phenological response to climate change under diverse climate types. In addition, the key factors influencing the vegetation phenology varies with the regions. Generally, temperatures play a dominant role in controlling the plants phenology, however, other factors such as precipitation and light can also significantly alter the phenology in different regions. Therefore, combined with the background of plants growth, a comprehensive synthesis of factors affecting plant phenology is very necessary. Materials and methods In this paper, we did a literature review which comprise (1) the meteorological and territorial differences among diverse climate types as well as the regional characteristics of plants phenology under different climate types; (2) the phenological dynamics and dominant factors of plants phenology in four main kinds of climate types (tropical and subtropical climate, temperate climate, frigid climate and plateau mountain climate); (3) the discussion of the main problems of vegetation phenological studies and its prospect. This review is crucial to the research on the plants phenology variations under global change. Quantitative results and related contributions are summarized, and the unresolved issues for further study of the limitation in phenological research are discussed. Results The results showed that: (1) Therewere differences in spatial distribution of plants phenology in the world, and the latitudinal difference was found in the vegetation phenology. In the northern hemisphere in the high latitudes that is 40°N to the north of the area, the green-up date of vegetation from the south to the north showed a delayed trend. However, later occurrences of the leaf coloring were mainly detected in the southern hemisphere, such as southern Brazil, southern Australia and southern Africa. Additionally, chilling requirements for plants growth diverse under different climate types with higher value of chilling requirements mainly distributes over the maritime climate areas. (2) In tropical and subtropical climates, temperature, seasonal variation in rainfall, drought intensity and duration are important factors affecting plants phenology. (3) The temperature in winter and spring of the temperate climate zone as well as the accumulation of the chilling requirements have a strong impact on plant flowering phenology. Recent studies have highlighted the significant impacts of the daily maximum and minimum temperatures on plants spring phenology. Light intensity also significantly affects plant vegetative growth phenology and reproductive phenology. In addition, precipitation can also alter plants phenology to a certain extent in temperate climate zone. (4) The influencing factors of plants phenology change in the cold climate zone are mainly ice melting date and temperature. (5) The plants phenology of the plateau is mainly affected by temperature, and the temperature in winter and spring has the strongest effect on phenology. The melting time of snow also affects plants phenology to a certain extent. Discussion Our study revealed that the key factors affecting plants phenology under different climatic types were associated with the basic characteristics of the climate zone and plant functional type. For example, desert-tolerant plants are likely to be dominant in the tropical desert climate due to the little precipitation and high temperature. Therefore, temperature, seasonal variation in rainfall in tropical desert climate become key factors affecting plant growth. However, with severe cold climate, scarce precipitation as well as weak solar radiation, the variation of plants phenology in the frigid climate is strongly correlated with the snow melting date and temperatures. Conclusions This review indicates that the variations of plants phenology varies with climate types, and the factors that impact plants phenology under different climate types are also different. Recommendations and perspectives Hence, future study of plant phenology should take plants growth environment into consideration. It is also imperative to analyze key factors under different climate types to improve the accuracy of phenological prediction. However, with problems of insufficient research in tropical and frigid climate, inconsistence between in situ observations and remote-sensing based data and lack of processes related mechanism in phenology variation, further research can be strengthened from the following several aspects: (1) Establish an integrated network of vegetation phenology records to improve the reliability and accuracy of different types of records. (2) Study the plants physiological processes in response to climate change, thus optimizing the parameters of the phenological model to enhance the accuracy of phenological projection. (3) Furthermore, future studies on the impact of biological factors such as nutrient changes and community interspecific relationships on the plants phenology should be carried out, to understand the underlying mechanism of plants phenology variation.