Nail polish as a source of exposure to triphenyl phosphate |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA;2. Environmental Working Group, Washington DC, USA;3. Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;1. INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UMR1331 (Unité Mixe de Recherche 1331), Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, Toulouse F-31027, France;2. Université de Toulouse, INPT (Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse), ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), EIP (Ecole d''Ingénieurs de Purpan), UPS (Université Paul Sabatier), F-31076 Toulouse, France;3. Agreenium''s International Research School (EIR-A), Paris, France;1. Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological & Ecotoxicological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;2. Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;1. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, LSRC, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA;2. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box 7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA |
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| Abstract: | Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is primarily used as either a flame retardant or plasticizer, and is listed as an ingredient in nail polishes. However, the concentration of TPHP in nail polish and the extent of human exposure following applications have not been previously studied. We measured TPHP in ten different nail polish samples purchased from department stores and pharmacies in 2013–2014. Concentrations up to 1.68% TPHP by weight were detected in eight samples, including two that did not list TPHP as an ingredient. Two cohorts (n = 26 participants) were recruited to assess fingernail painting as a pathway of TPHP exposure. Participants provided urine samples before and after applying one brand of polish containing 0.97% TPHP by weight. Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), a TPHP metabolite, was then measured in urine samples (n = 411) and found to increase nearly seven-fold 10–14 h after fingernail painting (p < 0.001). To determine relative contributions of inhalation and dermal exposure, ten participants also painted their nails and painted synthetic nails adhered to gloves on two separate occasions, and collected urine for 24 h following applications. Urinary DPHP was significantly diminished when wearing gloves, suggesting that the primary exposure route is dermal. Our results indicate that nail polish may be a significant source of short-term TPHP exposure and a source of chronic exposure for frequent users or those occupationally exposed. |
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