Prenatal particulate air pollution and neurodevelopment in urban children: Examining sensitive windows and sex-specific associations |
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| Institution: | 1. Kravis Children''s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA;2. Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA;3. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;4. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;5. Department of Neurology Research, Children''s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;6. Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel;7. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;8. The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA;1. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Center for Children''s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States;2. Chirdren''s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China;3. Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China;1. Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;2. Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women''s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;3. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;4. Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA;5. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;6. Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece;7. The Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel;8. Department of Neurology, Boston Children''s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;9. Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children''s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;10. Center for Environmental Research and Children''s Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA;1. Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain;2. BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain;3. Department of Statistics, Informatics and Applications “G. Parenti”, University of Florence, Italy;4. Biostatistics Unit, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy;5. Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain;6. Department of the Environment and Regional Planning, Government of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain;7. Public Health Laboratory, Department of Health, Government of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain;8. Sub-Directorate for Public Health of Guipúzcoa, Department of Health, Government of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain;9. Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain;1. Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea;2. Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;3. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea;4. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea;5. Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;6. Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, South Korea;7. Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea;8. Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea;1. ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;2. Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Doctor Aiguader, 88 08003 Barcelona, Spain;3. Spanish Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain;4. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre–Sophia Children''s Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein, 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands;5. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands;6. Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands;7. Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112 Rome, Italy;8. Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany;9. The Generation R Study, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands;10. Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Centre–Sophia Children''s Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands;11. Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany;12. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;13. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland;14. University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland;15. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundBrain growth and structural organization occurs in stages beginning prenatally. Toxicants may impact neurodevelopment differently dependent upon exposure timing and fetal sex.ObjectivesWe implemented innovative methodology to identify sensitive windows for the associations between prenatal particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and children's neurodevelopment.MethodsWe assessed 267 full-term urban children's prenatal daily PM2.5 exposure using a validated satellite-based spatio-temporally resolved prediction model. Outcomes included IQ (WISC-IV), attention (omission errors OEs], commission errors CEs], hit reaction time HRT], and HRT standard error HRT-SE] on the Conners' CPT-II), and memory (general memory GM] index and its components — verbal VEM] and visual VIM] memory, and attention-concentration AC] indices on the WRAML-2) assessed at age 6.5 ± 0.98 years. To identify the role of exposure timing, we used distributed lag models to examine associations between weekly prenatal PM2.5 exposure and neurodevelopment. Sex-specific associations were also examined.ResultsMothers were primarily minorities (60% Hispanic, 25% black); 69% had ≤ 12 years of education. Adjusting for maternal age, education, race, and smoking, we found associations between higher PM2.5 levels at 31–38 weeks with lower IQ, at 20–26 weeks gestation with increased OEs, at 32–36 weeks with slower HRT, and at 22–40 weeks with increased HRT-SE among boys, while significant associations were found in memory domains in girls (higher PM2.5 exposure at 18–26 weeks with reduced VIM, at 12–20 weeks with reduced GM).ConclusionsIncreased PM2.5 exposure in specific prenatal windows may be associated with poorer function across memory and attention domains with variable associations based on sex. Refined determination of time window- and sex-specific associations may enhance insight into underlying mechanisms and identification of vulnerable subgroups. |
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