Environmental occurrence,analysis and human exposure to the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A)-A review |
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| Affiliation: | 1. QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia;2. School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, QLD, Australia;3. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia;4. Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;5. Université Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France;6. Hunter Industrial Medicine, Newcastle, NSW, Australia;7. The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 3000 Melbourne, VIC, Australia;8. Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Brisbane, Australia;1. Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt;1. Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Risk Assessment Division, U.S. Environment Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA;2. McLauglin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Canada;3. Institute of Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany |
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| Abstract: | TBBP-A is a high production volume chemical applied widely as a flame retardant in printed circuit boards. Recent studies have raised concern over potential harmful implications of TBBP-A exposure in human and wildlife, leading to its classification under group 2A “Probably carcinogenic to humans” by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This article provides a comprehensive review of the available literature on TBBP-A analysis, environmental levels and human exposure. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been identified as the method of choice for robust, accurate and sensitive analysis of TBBP-A in different matrices. TBBP-A has been detected in almost all environmental compartments all over the world, rendering it a ubiquitous contaminant. Human exposure studies revealed dust ingestion and diet as the major pathways of TBBP-A exposure in the general population. Toddlers are likely to be more exposed than adults via accidental indoor dust ingestion. Moreover, exposure to TBBP-A may occur prenatally and via breast milk. There are no current restrictions on the production of TBBP-A in the EU or worldwide. However, more research is required to characterise human exposure to TBBP-A in and around production facilities, as well as in e-waste recycling regions. |
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