Urinary biomarkers of flame retardant exposure among collegiate U.S. gymnasts |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;2. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;3. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA;4. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore;1. Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;2. National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia;3. Summit Toxicology, LLP, Falls Church, VA, USA;4. Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Brisbane, Australia;1. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, LSRC, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA;2. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box 7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;1. Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China;2. Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China;3. Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China |
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| Abstract: | Flame retardants are widely used in polyurethane foam materials including gymnastics safety equipment such as pit cubes and landing mats. We previously reported elevated concentrations of flame retardants in the air and dust of a U.S. gymnastics training facility and elevated PentaBDE in the serum of collegiate gymnasts. Our objective in this pilot study was to compare urinary biomarkers of exposure to other flame retardants and additives of polyurethane foam including tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and 2-ethylhexyl- 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) in samples collected from 11 collegiate gymnasts before and after a gymnastics practice (n = 53 urine samples total). We identified a 50% increase in the TPHP biomarker (p = 0.03) from before to after practice, a non-significant 22% increase in the TDCIPP biomarker (p = 0.14) and no change for the EH-TBB biomarker. These preliminary results indicate that the gymnastics training environment can be a source of recreational exposure to flame retardants. Such exposures are likely widespread, as we identified flame retardants in 89% of foam samples collected from gyms across the U.S. |
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