A developmental perspective on early-life exposure to neurotoxicants |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02112, USA;2. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA;3. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA;4. Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, 19 Fair Oaks Park, Needham, MA 02492, USA;5. Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, 270 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;1. Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Nursing, Moonkyung College, Moonkyung, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea;5. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea;6. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea;7. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea;8. Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundStudies of early-life neurotoxicant exposure have not been designed, analyzed, or interpreted in the context of a fully developmental perspective.ObjectivesThe goal of this paper is to describe the key principles of a developmental perspective and to use examples from the literature to illustrate the relevance of these principles to early-life neurotoxicant exposures.MethodsFour principles are discussed: 1) the effects of early-life neurotoxicant exposure depend on a child's developmental context; 2) deficits caused by early-life exposure initiate developmental cascades that can lead to pathologies that differ from those observed initially; 3) early-life neurotoxicant exposure has intra-familial and intergenerational impacts; 4) the impacts of early-life neurotoxicant exposure influence a child's ability to respond to future insults. The first principle is supported by considerable evidence, but the other three have received much less attention.DiscussionIncorporating a developmental perspective in studies of early-life neurotoxicant exposures requires prospective collection of data on a larger array of covariates than usually considered, using analytical approaches that acknowledge the transactional processes between a child and the environment and the phenomenon of developmental cascades.ConclusionConsideration of early-life neurotoxicant exposure within a developmental perspective reveals that many issues remain to be explicated if we are to achieve a deep understanding of the societal health burden associated with early-life neurotoxicant exposures. |
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