Sources and environmental behaviors of Dechlorane Plus and related compounds — A review |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;2. Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China;3. Department of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China;4. MTM Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden;1. Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;2. Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain;3. Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Norway;1. Richardson College for the Environment, Environmental Studies Program and Department of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada;2. Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Heath Division, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada;3. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada;4. Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada;5. Water Survey of Canada, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada;6. Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Branch, National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada;1. College of Resources and Environment Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China |
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| Abstract: | Although Dechlorane Plus (DP) has been used as a polychlorinated flame retardant for almost half a century, its detection in the environment was not reported until 2006. The subsequent intensive research has confirmed its global ubiquity. A few reviews have presented the properties, analytical methods and environmental occurrence of DP and related compounds in the past several years. The present review emphasizes on the environmental behavior of DP isomers which is assessed by the variation of the isomer ratio of DP in various matrices. Other aspects including the analytical methods, emission sources, general environmental occurrence and bioaccumulation of DP are also summarized.In this review, three typical emission sources in the environment are categorized after introducing the measurement method of DP. The temporal-spatial distribution is then evaluated at the global scale, which provides an integrated representation of the environmental occurrence of DP and potential impact on the human health and ecosystems. The variations of DP isomer ratio in various matrices reinforce its source related distribution and their stereoselective bioaccumulation. Thereafter, DP related compounds and dechlorinated analogs are briefly summarized in regards to their occurrence in various matrices, suggesting their ubiquity in the environment and bioavailability. Further studies are required to better assess the exposures and toxicological effects of DP and its analogs. A special concern is the serious contamination in e-waste recycling areas in developing countries, where long-term monitoring data on the association of DP exposure and adverse effects to human health and ecosystems is urgently needed. |
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