Brominated flame retardants in the indoor environment — Comparative study of indoor contamination from three countries |
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| Institution: | 1. RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;2. School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 702 Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States;3. Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada, M1C 1A4;4. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Canada M5S 3B1;1. Department of Geography, University of Toronto, 100 St. George St., Toronto M5S 3G3, Canada;2. Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C 1A4, Canada;3. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto M5S 3B1, Canada;1. Shunyi Women and Children''s Hospital of Beijing Children''s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 110113, China;2. School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China;1. Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt;2. Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK;1. POPs Research Center, School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;2. Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium |
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| Abstract: | Concentrations of more than 20 brominated flame retardants (FRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and emerging FRs, were measured in air, dust and window wipes from 63 homes in Canada, the Czech Republic and the United States in the spring and summer of 2013. Among the PBDEs, the highest concentrations were generally BDE-209 in all three matrices, followed by Penta-BDEs. Among alternative FRs, EHTBB and BEHTBP were detected at the highest concentrations. DBDPE was also a major alternative FR detected in dust and air. Bromobenzenes were detected at lower levels than PBDEs and other alternative FRs; among the bromobenzenes, HBB and PBEB were the most abundant compounds. In general, FR levels were highest in the US and lowest in the Czech Republic — a geographic trend that reflects the flame retardants' market. No statistically significant differences were detected between bedroom and living room FR concentrations in the same house (n = 10), suggesting that sources of FRs are widespread indoors and mixing between rooms. The concentrations of FRs in air, dust, and window film were significantly correlated, especially for PBDEs. We found a significant relationship between the concentrations in dust and window film and in the gas phase for FRs with log KOA values < 14, suggesting that equilibrium was reached for these but not compounds with log KOA values > 14. This hypothesis was confirmed by a large discrepancy between values predicted using a partitioning model and the measured values for FRs with log KOA values > 14. |
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