Residential proximity to traffic and female pubertal development |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA;2. Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, California Dept. of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA;3. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA;4. Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA;1. Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy;2. Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain;3. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain;4. CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain;1. Yale University, School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA;2. Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;3. Gansu Provincial Design and Research Institute of Environmental Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;4. Gansu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Central Station, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;5. Henan Province Cancer Hospital, Office for Cancer Control and Prevention, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China;6. Sichuan University School of Public Health, Chengdu, Sichuan, China;7. Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT, USA;1. National Research Institute for Family Planning, China;2. Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, China;3. Environmental and Spatial Epidemiology Research Center, National Human Genetic Resources Center, China;4. Department of Maternal and Child Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the PRC, China |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundTraffic-related air pollution (TRAP) has been linked with several adverse health outcomes, including preterm birth and low birth weight, which are both related to onset of puberty. No studies to date have investigated the association between TRAP and altered pubertal timing.ObjectiveDetermine the association between residential proximity to traffic, as a marker of long-term TRAP exposure, and age at pubertal onset in a longitudinal study of girls.MethodsWe analyzed data for 437 girls at the CYGNET study site of the Breast Cancer and Environment Research Program. TRAP exposure was assessed using several measures of residential proximity to traffic based on address at study entry. Using accelerated failure time models, we calculated time ratios (TRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for specified traffic metrics and pubertal onset, defined as stage 2 or higher for breast or pubic hair development (respectively, B2 + and PH2 +). Models were adjusted for race/ethnicity, household income, and cotinine levels.ResultsAt baseline, 71% of girls lived within 150 m of a major road. The median age of onset was 10.3 years for B2 + and 10.9 years for PH2 +. Living within 150 m downwind of a major road was associated with earlier onset of PH2 + (TR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93, 0.99). Girls in the highest quintile of either distance-weighted traffic density, annual average daily traffic, and/or traffic density also reached PH2 + earlier than girls in the lowest quintiles.ConclusionsIn this first study to assess the association between residential proximity to traffic and pubertal onset we found girls with higher exposure reached one pubertal milestone several months earlier than low exposed girls, even after consideration of likely confounders. Results should be expanded in larger epidemiological studies, and with measured levels of air pollutants. |
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