Understanding brassinosteroid-regulated mechanisms to improve stress tolerance in plants: a critical review |
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Authors: | Fahim Nawaz Muhammad Naeem Bilal Zulfiqar Asim Akram Muhammad Yasin Ashraf Muhammad Raheel Rana Nauman Shabbir Rai Altaf Hussain Irfan Anwar Muhammad Aurangzaib |
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Affiliation: | 1.Department of Agronomy,MNS University of Agriculture,Multan,Pakistan;2.Department of Agronomy, UCA & ES,The Islamia University of Bahawalpur,Bahawalpur,Pakistan;3.Crop Stress Management Group,Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology,Faisalabad,Pakistan;4.Department of Plant Pathology, UCA & ES,The Islamia University of Bahawalpur,Bahawalpur,Pakistan;5.Department of Agronomy, Agriculture College,Bahauddin Zakariya University,Multan,Pakistan;6.Department of Agronomy,PMAS Arid Agriculture University,Rawalpindi,Pakistan;7.Department of Agronomy,Iowa State University,Ames,USA |
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Abstract: | Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroidal plant hormones involved in regulation of physiological and molecular processes to ameliorate various biotic and abiotic stresses. Exogenous application of BRs to improve stress tolerance in plants has recently become a high research priority. Several studies have revealed the involvement of these steroidal hormones in upregulation of stress-related defense genes and their cross talk with other metabolic pathways. This is likely to stimulate research on many unanswered questions regarding their role in enhancing the ability of plants to tolerate adverse environmental conditions. Thus, this review appraises new insights on mechanisms mediating BR-regulated changes in plants, focused mainly on their involvement in regulation of physiological and molecular mechanisms under stress conditions. Herein, examples of BR-stimulated modulation of antioxidant defense system and upregulation of transcription factors in plants exposed to various biotic (bacterial, viral, and fungal attack) and abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, heat, low temperature, and heavy metal stress) are discussed. Based on these insights, future research in the current direction can be helpful to increase our understanding of BR-mediated complex and interrelated processes under stress conditions. |
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