人工合成麝香的环境污染、生态行为与毒理效应研究进展

人工合成麝香作为一种替代型香料被广泛应用于日用化工行业，由于其持续不断地输入环境，其中的一些典型化合物如加乐麝香和吐纳麝香等在水、土壤和大气环境中的浓度日益增加，并且在动物体和人体组织中产生了蓄积作用，其效应相当于持久性有机污染物。因此人工合成麝香作为一种新型污染物，已成为药物和个人护理品污染物（PPCPs）的重要组成部分。本文首先对人工合成麝香的种类与应用情况、环境来源和污染水平进行简要介绍。在此基础上，从人工合成麝香的生物蓄积行为、环境降解行为和生物转化行为等3个方面，对人工合成麝香所具有的持久性有机污染物的行为特征进行了分析；概述了人工合成麝香的环境激素毒性、遗传毒性效应、生理生态毒性、对酶活性的影响以及对微生物毒性效应的研究进展，展示了人工合成麝香所可能产生的不良生态效应。最后，根据目前对人工合成麝香的研究进展，提出了今后有关重点研究内容的建议，为合理评价和降低人工合成麝香的生态风险提供理论基础。

Researching progresses in environmental pollution, ecological behaviors and toxicological effects of synthetic musks

As the substituted fragrances, synthetic musks are widely used in the personal care products industry. Due to the continuous input to environment, some typical synthetic musks such as Galaxolide and Tonalide are being increased in water, soil and air, and have been accumulated in tissues of animals and human beings. As a result, the presence of synthetic musks in environment was just like persist organic pollutants (POPs). Therefore, synthetic musks have been considered as emerging organic pollutants in the pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) pollution. In this paper, the types and application situation of synthetic musks and their environmental sources and pollution levels were briefly introduced. Then, the behavior properties of synthetic musks as POPs were analyzed on the basis of their biological accumulation, environmental degradation and biological transformation. Some visible adverse ecological effects including environmental hormone toxicity, genetic toxic effects, and physiological ecotoxicity of synthetic musks, and their influences on enzymatic activity, and their toxic effects on microorganisms were also summarized. At last, in terms of the researching advancement of synthetic musks at present, main environmental research contents related to synthetic musks are suggested so that to provide theoretical bases for the reasonable assessment and effective reduce of the ecological risks caused by synthetic musks.