欧美国家盐沼湿地生态恢复的基本观点、技术手段与工程实践进展

在我国,较大面积比例的盐沼湿地已在人为干扰与自然侵蚀的共同作用下,逐渐受损、退化并消亡。最近20 a来,在发达国家特别是美国,随着许多大规模盐沼湿地恢复工程的实施,为生态恢复理论提供了实践与验证的场所,在该领域正在逐渐形成基本观点与技术方法体系,这为我国今后开展类似工作提供了重要参考。本文探讨近年来欧美等国在盐沼湿地生态恢复方面的基本观点包括:受损与退化成因,生态恢复目标,生态恢复主要驱动力等;并总结生态恢复主要技术方法包括基底修复技术,水动力修复技术,植物引种技术等;进一步地以Delaware湾、Jamaica湾、Schelde河口为例介绍欧美等国在盐沼湿地恢复工程方面的最新进展;在此基础上针对我国国情,提出盐沼湿地保护与恢复的建议。

Basic views and technological methods of salt marsh restoration and its progresses in implementation

A large amount of salt marshes in China now are being damaged, degraded, or even disappeared due to the combined effects of human disturbances and natural erosion.During the last 20 years, in some developed centuries such as the United States, a branch of large-scale salt marsh restoration projects have been implemented, which provide opportunities for testing restoration theories.As a result, series of basic views and mainstream technologies have been developed, and such progresses are valuable for the future implementation of salt marsh restoration in China.This article discussed some basic views towards salt marsh restoration, including the mechanisms for the damage and degradation, the goals of the restoration, and the driving forces.Also, some mainstream technologies including sediment amendment, hydraulic remediation, and transplantation were summarized.Moreover, three representative projects which located at Delaware Bay, Jamaica Bay, and Schelde Estuary were taken as examples to illustrate the progresses in restoration implementation.Based on the progresses in Europe and America, and also considering the local needs, we further proposed suggestions for implementing salt marsh restoration in China.