Sunset orientation of robins,Erithacus rubecula,with different fields of sky vision

Summary Migratory orientation of robins (Erithacus rubecula) at sunset was recorded using orientation cages, under clear autumn skies. The aim of the experiments was to examine the importance of different visible sky sections for the orientation of robins. I obtained the following results: (1) Robins tested with the visible sky section limited to 90° around zenith (45° above the horizon) showed a mean orientation that coincided with the average sunset azimuth, with little scatter around the mean angle (Fig. 2). (2) When the birds were allowed a more extensive field of sky vision (maximum 160°), they chose headings on an approximate north-south axis, significantly different from tests with a restricted view of the sky (Fig. 3). (3) Experiments were also performed in which the response of robins to a mirror deflection (about 120° counterclockwise) of visual cues in the lower parts of the sunset sky was examined. The outcome indicated that visual information in the lower part of the sky may be critical for the orientation of robins (Fig. 5). These results, together with recent findings that robins captured and tested at two nearby sites show distinctly different orientation behavior in relation to experimental manipulations of the magnetic field, suggest that priorities among orientation cues may differ depending on the migratory situation encountered.